PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 RECORD_TYPE = STREAM LABEL_REVISION_NOTE = "2004-06-15 S.McLaughlin Created 2005-02-03 S.McLaughlin Resolved liens 2005-12-21 S.McLaughlin Updated mission stop date, impact time, and description of mission phases 2006-02-20 S.McLaughlin Added post-encounter cruise section per B.Semenov/NAIF; added Feb 10 aliveness test. " OBJECT = MISSION MISSION_NAME = "DEEP IMPACT" OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION MISSION_START_DATE = 2005-01-12 MISSION_STOP_DATE = 2005-07-13 MISSION_ALIAS_NAME = "DI" MISSION_DESC = " The mission overview was paraphrased from A'Hearn, et al. (2005) [AHEARNETAL2005] with permission from the Deep Impact project. Mission Overview ================ The goal of the Deep Impact mission is to understand the physical and chemical properties of a comet as a function of depth below the surface. To reach this goal, Deep Impact reproduced the impact of a boulder onto a cometary nucleus at a speed characteristic of collisions in the asteroid belt. The mission delivered an Impactor spacecraft of approximately 360 kg onto the nucleus of 9P/Tempel 1 at a relative speed of 10.2 km/s. The kinetic energy of the Impactor, about 19 gigajoules, produced a crater with a diameter between 100 and 250 meters in about 200 seconds (A'Hearn, et al. (2005) [AHEARNETAL2005A], Shultz and Ernst (2005) [SCHULTZ&ERNST2005], and Richardson, et al. (2005) [RICHARDSONETAL2005]). Initial results of the encounter are discussed by A'Hearn, et al. (2005) [AHEARNETAL2005A], which estimated an impact time of 4 July 2005 at about 05:44:36 UTC (Earth-received time 05:52:02 UTC). Deep Impact consisted of two spacecraft, launched together on 12 January 2005, and flew together until one day before impact on 4 July 4 2005. On July 3, the two spacecraft separated while on a course to impact comet Tempel 1. The Impactor immediately went into auto-navigation mode using an algorithm that ensured that it would impact the comet in an illuminated area. The Impactor observed the comet with a visible CCD (ITS) until seconds before the impact. Shortly after separation, the Flyby spacecraft performed a trajectory correction maneuver to allow it to pass approximately 500 km below the nucleus, as seen from the Sun. The Flyby spacecraft recorded the encounter and the impact with the High Resolution telescope's visible CCD (HRIV) and infrared imaging spectrometer (HRII) as well as with the Medium Resolution telescope's visible CCD (MRI). Deep Impact is the eighth mission in NASA's Discovery Program. It was proposed and accepted as a partnership between the University of Maryland, which manages the science and the outreach, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which manages the hardware development and flight operations, and Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation, which provides the hardware. The Science Data Center for the mission is located at Cornell University. The center maintains all data for the mission, including ground-calibrations, from all instruments accessible All data are accessible over the Internet to every member of the Deep Impact science team. The mission, science objectives, instrumentation, and expected results are described in a special edition of Space Science Reviews (SSR) dedicated to the Deep Impact. See A'Hearn, et al. (2005) [AHEARNETAL2005], Blume (2005) [BLUME2005], Mastrodemos, et al. (2005) [MASTRODEMOSETAL2005], Hampton, et al. (2005) [HAMPTONETAL2005], Klaasen, et al. (2005) [KLAASENETAL2005], Belton, et al. (2005) [BELTONETAL2005], Lisse, et al. (2005) [LISSEETAL2005], Sunshine, et al. (2005) [SUNSHINEETAL2005], Richardson, et al. (2005) [RICHARDSONETAL2005], Schultz and Ernst (2005) [SCHULTZ&ERNST2005], Thomas, et al. (2005) [THOMASETAL2005], and Yeomans, et al. (2005) [YEOMANSETAL2005], and McFadden, et al. (2005) [MCFADDENETAL2005]. These SSR papers are included on the documentation volume of the Deep Impact archive. Plans for the world-wide Earth-based observing campaign for the mission are described by Meech, et al. (2005) [MEECHETAL2005] in the SSR edition. McFadden, et al. (2005) [MCFADDENETAL2005] discuss the Education and Public Outreach component of Deep Impact. Analysis of TV and flight calibration data and Deep Impact calibration pipeline are discussed in Klaasen et al. (2006) [KLAASENETAL2006]. This Deep Impact calibration paper is included on the documentation volume of the Deep Impact archive. Mission Phases ============== Information in this section is based on a publication about the anticipated flight data by Klaasen, et al. (2005) [KLAASENETAL2005]. This section will be updated as flight data are archived into the PDS. Although several phases were defined for mission operations, four general phases are defined for the archive of flight-related data: thermal-vacuum ground calibrations (TV), 9P cruise, and 9P encounter, and 9P post-encounter cruise. THERMAL-VACUUM GROUND CALIBRATIONS (TV1-TV5) -------------------------------------------- Currently, data acquired during TV1 through TV4 are archived in the PDS. The science team used these data for pre-flight, calibration analysis. TV5 data is expected to be archived in 2006. TV# Instruments Tested Start Time Stop Time --- -------------------- ---------- ---------- TV1 HRII 2002-06-27 2002-07-02 TV2 HRII, HRIV 2003-08-15 2002-09-03 TV3 ITS 2003-01-16 2003-01-30 TV4 HRII, HRIV, MRI 2003-02-23 2003-03-12 TV5 HRII, HRIV, MRI, ITS 2004-06-30 2004-07-01 9P CRUISE --------- Mission Phase Start Time : 2005-01-12 (DOY 012) Mission Phase Stop Time : 2005-04-30 (DOY 120, Impact-65 days) The 9P cruise phase began at the lift-off of the launch vehicle. This phase includes checkout of the HRII, HRIV, and MRI instruments in the first 2-3 days after launch. Science calibrations began shortly after checkout, then were performed approximately once every month. The best sets of science calibrations were acquired during the April, May, and June calibrations and the post-impact calibration in July. Calibration targets include the Moon, Earth, stars, nebulae, and galactic clusters. Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was not imaged for scientific purposes during this phase. Details of the cruise calibrations are available in the Deep Impact Calibration paper by Klaasen et al. (2006) [KLAASENETAL2006]. 9P ENCOUNTER ------------ Mission Phase Start Time : 2005-05-01 (DOY 178, Impact-64 days) Mission Phase Stop Time : 2005-07-13 (DOY 194, Impact+9 days) Scientific data acquisition began during this phase. On the approach of Tempel/1, the objectives were to determine the size of the nucleus, map the albedo, color and spectral variations of the surface, determine the rotational state of the nucleus, and monitor the activity of the nucleus. Other objectives included identifying large-scale structure in the coma, mapping the evolution of the inner coma over a full rotation period, and searching for satellites to constrain the mass of the nucleus (none were found). During approach, the HRII, HRIV, and MRI instruments acquired data at decreasing sampling frequencies, and science calibrations were performed in early May and June. During approach, the solar phase angle of the nucleus increased by about 0.5 degree/day, beginning at 28 degrees and reaching 60 degrees at Impact minus 7 days. About 3 days from impact the HRIV instrument spatially resolved the nucleus. The HRII and MRI instruments did not resolve the nucleus until the day before impact. Due to pointing errors, the HRII instrument was not imaging the comet until June 20. About 24 hours before the scheduled impact, the Flyby released the Impactor at a distance of about 864,000 km from the comet. The Impactor ITS instrument began acquiring and transmitting data over an S-band link to the Flyby. The frequency of data sampling increased as impact approached and the resolution improved. About 18 hours before impact, a small set of calibration data (darks and internal stimulator frames) were acquired for each instrument. The pixel scales of the four instruments as a function of time before impact were: Pixel Scale (meters/pixel) Time ITS HRIV MRI HRII ------- ----- ----- ----- ----- I-20 hr 7200 1480 7350 ~7000 I-1 hr 363 90 453 440 I-2 s 0.1 17 86 86 The last ITS image was taken about 05:44:31 UT with an estimated pixel scale of 0.26 meters/pixel. During the impact, the instruments on the Flyby recorded the development of the crater and start of the ejecta flow. As impact processes continued, HRII, HRIV, and MRI recorded data at decreasing sampling rates. At Impact+760 seconds, the Flyby went into shield mode (SM) to protect the instruments from dust impacts during closest approach of Tempel 1. Shield mode continued through I+40 minutes. During the impact event, pixel scales of the instruments were: Pixel Scale (meters/pixel) Time HRIV MRI HRII ------- ------ ------ ------ I-3 s 17 86 86 I+1 s 17 85 86 I+24 s 17 84 83 I+24 s 17 84 83 I+470 s 7 38 39 SM 1.4 7 7 The Flyby remained in shield mode for about 22 minutes, through closest approach and until the dust-impact hazard zone has been passed. While in this mode, the spacecraft performed an attitude maneuver to point its instruments back toward the nucleus. The HRIV instrument continued to image the impact site for another 12 hours. The MRIV and HRII instruments continued to monitor the comet for 60 hours, until 6 July 18:00 UT. During this phase, the pixel scales of the instruments were: Pixel Scale (meters/pixel) Time HRIV MRI HRII -------- ------ ------ ------ SM+31 m 36 ~181 ~190 SM+2 hr 145 725 744 SM+12 hr 871 4354 4370 SM+24 hr n/a 8709 8725 SM+36 hr n/a 13063 13080 SM+48 hr n/a 17418 17435 SM+60 hr n/a 21772 21790 During lookback, the Flyby began transmitting data stored in buffer memory back to Earth. However, near the end of Tempel 1 imaging, the buffers on one of the processors were not cleared, so some data were lost. The last science calibration started about two days after impact and continued until 13 July, thus concluding the scientific activities of the mission. 9P POST-ENCOUNTER CRUISE ------------------------ Mission Phase Start Time : 2005-05-14 (DOY 194, Impact+9 days) Mission Phase Stop Time : 2009 Since the Flyby spacecraft and its instruments survived the encounter with Tempel 1, a trajectory correction maneuver was performed on July 20, to put the spacecraft into an orbit for Earth return in late 2007 which favors an extended mission. On August 9, 2005, the Flyby was put into sleep mode. On February 10, 2006, an aliveness test was performed on the spacecraft. The results of the wake-up and pointing activities indicated it was healthy for an extended mission. The SPICE SP-kernel providing the trajectory the Flyby spacecraft extends to 2009. The SP-kernel providing the ephemeris of Tempel 1 extends through 2050. Mission Data ============ The following data acquired are being archived at the PDS: - TV imaging (HRII, HRIV, MRI, ITS) - Raw science imaging from flight (HRII, HRIV, MRI, ITS) - Reduced science imaging from flight (HRII, HRIV, MRI, ITS), initially in physical units of radiance (uncleaned); cleaned, radiance and I-over-F sets are planned for 2006 - Raw navigation imaging from flight (MRI, ITS) - Telemetry (5-Hz) from the Attitude Control and Determination System (ADCS) - Radio science data from flight - SPICE data - Select data from the Earth-based observing campaign " MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = " The overall scientific objectives of the Deep Impact mission are to: 1) Dramatically improve the knowledge of the physical characteristics of cometary nuclei and directly assess the interior of cometary nucleus by producing an high- velocity impact on the surface of comet 9P/Tempel 1. 2) Determine properties of the surface layers such as density, strength, porosity, and composition from the resultant crater and its formation. 3) Study the relationship between the surface layers of a cometary nucleus and the possibly pristine materials of the interior by comparison of the interior of the crater with the surface before impact. 4) Improve our understanding of the evolution of cometary nuclei, particularly their approach to dormancy, by comparing the interior and the surface. " END_OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "DIF" OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "9P/TEMPEL 1 (1867 G1)" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "16 CYG A" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "47 TUC" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "ACHERNAR" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "ALTAIR" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "BET HYI" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "CANOPUS" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "DARK" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "EARTH" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "HD 60753" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "HD 79447" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "HD 92044" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "IC 2391" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "JUPITER" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "M11" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "MOON" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "NGC 3114" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "NGC 6543" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "NGC 7027" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "SATURN" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "SIRIUS" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "STAR" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "SKY" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "STIM LAMP" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "UNK" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "VEGA" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "DII" OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "9P/TEMPEL 1 (1867 G1)" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "16 CYG A" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "ACHERNAR" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "BET HYI" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "CANOPUS" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "DARK" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "HD 60753" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "HD 79447" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "M11" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "NGC 3114" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "SATURN" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "STAR" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "STIM LAMP" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "VEGA" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "AHEARNETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "AHEARNETAL2005A" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BELTONETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BLUME2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "FERNANDEZETAL2003" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "HAMPTONETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "JONES&PUETTER1993" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL2006" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "LISSEETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "MASTRODEMOSETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "MCFADDENETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "MEECHETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "RICHARDSONETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "SCHULTZ&ERNST2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "SUNSHINEETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "THOMASETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "YEOMANSETAL2005" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION END_OBJECT = MISSION END