PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 LABEL_REVISION_NOTE = "2021-08-20, NH SOC, initial release; 20230125 RChen/EN work around catalog ingest. Delete this line next time." RECORD_TYPE = STREAM INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "NEW HORIZONS" OBJECT = DATA_SET DATA_SET_ID = "NH-A-LORRI/MVIC-5-GEOPHYS-V1.0" OBJECT = DATA_SET_INFORMATION ARCHIVE_STATUS = "LOCALLY ARCHIVED" START_TIME = "N/A" STOP_TIME = "N/A" DATA_SET_DESC = " Data Set Overview ================= This data set contains the New Horizons Arrokoth Encounter geology and geophysics science theme team derived shape models and maps of albedo, elevation, modeled surface temperature, and elevation. Arrokoth Shape Models ============================ These models are detailed in the following publications: [PORTERETAL2019] [BEYERETAL2019] [SPENCERETAL2020] ARROKOTH_CSD.PDF is included in this archive because it defines the coordinate system used by the New Horizons Team for (486958) Arrokoth (a.k.a. 2014 MU69) All .obj files are considered to have units of kilometers. The orbital period is 0.6632553 days. The pole orientation is RA = 317.4880752 and DEC = -24.8876496 in the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The prime meridian is 184.4589465 (at epoch = BODY2486958_PM). --- MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY.OBJ --- This is a high-polygon-count global shape of Arrokoth made up of 100,678 facets. For a lower-polygon-count version, please see MU69_FR2KF_LOPOLY.OBJ. The creation of this model is discussed in [PORTERETAL2019], and also published in [SPENCERETAL2020]. --- MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY_SPICE.BDS --- This is a SPICE binary digital shape kernel file that can be used with the NAIF SPICE toolkit and in USGS image processing software (ISIS). This file was converted from the mu69_fr2kf_hipoly.obj model. --- MU69_FR2KF_LOPOLY.OBJ --- This is a simplified version of the MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY.OBJ file, containing 1962 facets. --- MU69_FR2KF_LOPOLY_SPICE.BDS --- This is a SPICE binary digital shape kernel file that can be used with the NAIF SPICE toolkit and in USGS image processing software (ISIS). This file was converted from the MU69_FR2KF_LOPOLY.OBJ model. --- MU69_ASP_CA04_06_ICP_SMOOTH.OBJ --- This is the best-resolution surface terrain model of part of the illuminated surface of Arrokoth during the New Horizons encounter. This model contains 33,758 facets. The surface represented in this file was created from running the Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) on stacked, deconvolved versions of the CA04 and CA06 observations. The deconvolved version of CA04 had to be 2x reduced in pixel scale so that the pixels could be placed back into the original image and processed. The resulting model was cleaned and obviously-bad edge points were eroded. An Iterated Closest Point (ICP) algorithm was run to match this model as a rigid object with the spin-negative face (the side of Arrokoth that was illuminated during the encounter) of the mu69_fr2kf_hipoly.obj global shape model as well as possible. Additional edge artifacts were trimmed back, and smoothing was applied. This model was discussed separately in the [BEYERETAL2019] abstract, and appears as a download in the Supplemental Material to the [SPENCERETAL2020] paper. --- MU69_ASP_CA04_06_ICP_SPICE_V01.BDS --- This is a SPICE binary digital shape kernel file that can be used with the NAIF SPICE toolkit and in USGS image processing software (ISIS). This file was converted from the MU69_ASP_CA04_06_ICP_SMOOTH.OBJ model. --- MU69_MERGED.OBJ --- This is the best 'merged' shape model of Arrokoth, which is a combination of both the global shape model (MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY.OBJ), and the stereo digital elevation model (DEM) that covers part of the illuminated surface of Arrokoth (MU69_ASP_CA04_06_ICP_SMOOTH.OBJ). This model contains 107,506 facets. The global shape model (MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY.OBJ) had its spin-negative face eroded so that there were no overlaps between it and the stereo DEM MU69_ASP_CA04_06_ICP_SMOOTH.OBJ. These two objects were then manually joined together with polygons. Local smoothing was then applied to the seam to provide a smooth join. Since the stereo model has a much smoother transition at the neck than the global shape model, the equatorial region of the neck in the MU69_FR2KF_HIPOLY.OBJ was also smoothed to provide a better transition from the stereo model to the shape model. The +Z part of the neck (on the un-illuminated side of Arrokoth) was left as a cusp (there is no imaging of this area, so this cusp is purely a feature of the modeling). This MU69_MERGED.OBJ shape model was discussed separately in the [BEYERETAL2019] abstract, and appears as a download in the Supplemental Material to the [SPENCERETAL2020] paper. Some artifacts may remain where the two models were merged. --- MU69_MERGED_SPICE.BDS --- This is a SPICE binary digital shape kernel file that can be used with the NAIF SPICE toolkit and in USGS image processing software (ISIS). This file was converted from the above MU69_MERGED.OBJ file. --- MU69_MERGED_BROWSE.PNG --- An image with different views of the MU69_MERGED model for reference. Arrokoth Surface and Subsurface Temperature Simulations ======================================================= This dataset was created by Orkan Umurhan. This dataset contains temperature solutions for Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) 2014 MU69 (Arrokoth) based on a fit to the 'low polynomial' shape model with 1962 facets (MU69_FR2KF_LOPOLY.OBJ), also within this repository. The New Horizons team created the shape model using images from the LOng-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) and the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) instruments on the New Horizons spacecraft. The temperature solutions in this dataset correspond to the putative best fit solutions presented in [GRUNDYETAL2020]. The H1, H4, and H10 directories each contain 301 temperature files representing 300 equally spaced epochs over a single orbit of Arrokoth around the Sun. The temperature file with data for January 1, 2019 is shown in the figures in [GRUNDYETAL2020]. The filename for each solution contains a Julian Date timestamp indicating the date of the predicted temperatures. For example, the 'JD_2458485_temperature.dat' file predicts the 15.9-hour-averaged temperature on that day, which is the day of the Arrokoth encounter (Julian Date 2458485 <--> January 1, 2019). Each temperature file is a tab separated text file containing 1962 rows and 98 columns. Each value is a predicted temperature in units of K. Rows correspond to the facet number in the low-poly shape model found in this repository. Columns correspond to several non-uniformly spaced depth levels below the surface. A text table in each data directory, z_depth.dat, indicates meters of depth for each of 98 levels below the surface. The depth levels descend from the surface (0 meters). All solutions have the following input assumptions for the temperature model: emissivity = 0.9 <--> material emissivity albedo = 0.06 <--> material albedo thermal inertia = 'Go' = 2.54 tiu (1 tiu = J m^{-2} s^{-1/2} K^{-1}, where tiu stands for thermal inertia units) The thermal inertia (sqrt[K * rho * Cp]) is based on the assumption that mean properties of Arrokoth are: rho = 250 kg/m^3 <--> mean density Cp = 350 J/kg/K <--> specific heat at constant pressure omega = 6.73e-10 s^{-1} <--> Arrokoth's orbital frequency e = 0 <--> eccentricity f_sun = 0.6 W/m^2 <--> mean typical solar irradiance at the orbit of Arrokoth The values for rho are supported by mechanical/structural analyses performed by [KEANEETAL2021]. Albedo comes from [HOFGARTNERETAL2021]. The thermal solutions in this dataset are constructed on the assumption that all layers within H meters of the surface are characterized with a thermal inertia 'Go' quoted, with all layers below described by a thermal inertia 'Gb' = 1 tiu. Solutions for each of the three data directories (H1, H4, and H10) are derived accordingly. For example 'H4' corresponds to solutions in which the thermal inertial equals 'Go' for all layers between 0 and 4 meters from the surface, and where the thermal inertial = 'Gb' for all layers below 4 meters. The other directories correspond to one meter (H1) and ten meter (H10) transitional depths. [GRUNDYETAL2020] showcased solutions in the H4 data directory. Note that each 'z_depth.dat' file in each 'Hn' directory (n=1,4,10) has different values. We recommend interpolation methods to do fixed-depth comparisons across solutions of differing values of H. The first column in the document 'JD_SubSolarLatitudes.dat' contains the Julian Date, while the second column contains the corresponding subsolar latitude (in degrees, ranging from -90 to 90) based on the cartographic coordinates defined for Arrokoth. These values were used in determining facet illumination for every timestep across one orbital period. Arrokoth Albedo and Normal Reflectance ====================================== These data were contributed by Jason Hofgartner and are described by [HOFGARTNERETAL2021]. CA06_STACK_ALBEDO.IMG and .LBL This image is the mean (incidence angle average) hemispherical albedo map of Arrokoth as defined in [HOFGARTNERETAL2021], and is the data behind figure 4, right panel, in that paper. This image has numeric values with these characteristics: Minimum=-69.036, Maximum=58.364, Mean=0.023, StdDev=0.181 CA06_STACK_NORMAL_REFLECT.IMG and .LBL This image contains the normal reflectance as defined in [HOFGARTNERETAL2021], and is the data behind figure 2, left panel, in that paper. This image has numeric values with these characteristics: Minimum=-285.906, Maximum=241.708, Mean=0.094, StdDev=0.750 Version ======= This is VERSION 1.0 of this data set. Instrument description ====================== Refer to the following files for a description of the instruments most relevant to this dataset. CATALOG LORRI.CAT MVIC.CAT DOCUMENT SOC_INST_ICD.PDF PAYLOAD_SSR.PDF LORRI_SSR.PDF RALPH_SSR.PDF This data was generated from data in version V4.0 LORRI and MVIC raw and calibrated datasets. For more details about how LORRI and MVIC data are processed, see the raw and calibrated datasets from the Arrokoth Encounter: NH-A-LORRI-2-KEM1-V4.0 NH-A-LORRI-3-KEM1-V4.0 NH-A-MVIC-2-KEM1-V4.0 NH-A-MVIC-3-KEM1-V4.0 Contact Information =================== For any questions regarding the data format of the archive, contact New Horizons Principal Investigator: Alan Stern, Southwest Research Institute S. Alan Stern Southwest Research Institute Department of Space Studies 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 400 Boulder, CO 80302 USA " CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = " Review ====== This dataset was peer reviewed and certified for scientific use. " ABSTRACT_DESC = " This data set contains higher level products derived from data taken by the LOng-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) and the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) instruments during the Arrokoth encounter phase of the New Horizons Kuiper Belt Extended Mission. Arrokoth shape models, Arrokoth surface and subsurface temperature simulations, and Arrokoth albedo and normal reflectance maps are included. The simulation results predict temperatures at various sub- surface depths on dates as Arrokoth orbits the Sun. This is VERSION 1.0 of this data set. " CITATION_DESC = " Stern, A., NEW HORIZONS DERIVED GEOPHYSICAL ARROKOTH ENCOUNTER DATA V1.0, NH-A-LORRI/MVIC-5-GEOPHYS-V1.0, NASA Planetary Data System, 2023. " DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = { "IMAGE", "SPICE_KERNEL", "TABLE" } DATA_SET_COLLECTION_MEMBER_FLG = "N" DATA_SET_NAME = " DERIVED GEOPHYSICAL ARROKOTH ENCOUNTER DATA V1.0" DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = 2021-08-20 DATA_SET_TERSE_DESC = " This data set contains derived geophysical quantities based on image analysis and simulations of Arrokoth. This is VERSION 1.0 of this data set. " DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "N" PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = {"JILLIAN REDFERN","ORKAN UMURHAN", "ROSS BEYER", "JASON HOFGARTNER", "SIMON PORTER","KELSI SINGER", "BRIAN ENKE","BRIAN KEENEY"} END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_MISSION MISSION_NAME = "NEW HORIZONS KUIPER BELT EXTENDED MISSION" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_MISSION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "PORTERETAL2019" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BEYERETAL2019" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "SPENCERETAL2020" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GRUNDYETAL2020" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KEANEETAL2021" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "HOFGARTNERETAL2021" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = DATA_SET_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "ASTEROID 486958 (2014 MU69)" END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_TARGET OBJECT = DATA_SET_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "NH" INSTRUMENT_ID = {"LORRI", "MVIC"} END_OBJECT = DATA_SET_HOST END_OBJECT = DATA_SET END