urn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:m3.ch1-orb 1.0 1.7.0.0 Product_Context 2016-10-01 1.0 extracted metadata from PDS3 catalog and modified to comply with PDS4 Information Model urn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.ch1-orb::1.0 instrument_to_instrument_host Green, R.O., C. Pieters, P. Mouroulis, and T. Koch, Moon Mineralogy Mapper Imaging Spectrometer Science Measurements, 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Paper #1438, Ver. 4, 2008, doi:10.1109/AERO.2008.4526382. reference.GREENETAL2008A Green, R.O., C.M. Pieters, P. Mouroulis, G. Sellar, M. Eastwood, S. Geier, J. Shea, and M3 Team, Calibration, Shipment and Initial Spacecraft Integration of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Imaging Spectrometer for the Chandrayaan-1 Mission, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No. 1391, p. 1803, 2008. reference.GREENETAL2008B Green, R.O., C.M. Pieters, J. Boardman, D. Barr, C. Bruce, J. Bousman, A. Chatterjee, M. Eastwood, V. Essandoh, S. Geier, T. Glavich, R. Green, V. Haemmerle, S. Hyman, L. Hovland, T. Koch, K. Lee, S. Lundeen, S., E. Motts, P. Mouroulis, S. Paulson, K. Plourde, C. Racho, D. Robison, J. Rodriguez, P. Rothman, G. Sellar, C. Smith, H. Sobel, J. Stamp, H. Tseng, P. Varanasi, D, Wilson, and M. White, The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Imaging Spectrometer: Early Assessment of the Spectral, Radiometric, Spatial, and Uniformity Characteristics, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, id. 2307, 2009. reference.GREENETAL2009 Petro, N., C. Pieters, J. Boardman, R. Green, J. Head, P. Isaacson, J. Nettles, E. Malaret, M. Staid, J. Sunshine, and S. Tompkins, Targeting for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Instrument on the Chandrayaan-1 Mission, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No. 1391, p. 1696, 2008. reference.PETROETAL2008 Pieters, C.M., J. Boardman, B. Buratti, A. Chatterjee, R. Clark, T. Glavich, R. Green, J. Head, P. Isaacson, E. Malaret, T. McCord, J. Mustard, N. Petro, C. Runyon, M. Staid, J. Sunshine, L. Taylor, S. Tompkins, P. Varanasi, and M. White, The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on Chandrayaan-1, Indian Academy of Sciences, Current Science, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 500-505, 2009. reference.PIETERSETAL2009A Pieters, C.M., J. Boardman, B. Buratti, R. Clark, J-P. Combe, R. Green, J.N. Goswami, J.W. Head, M. Hicks, P. Isaacson, R. Klima, G. Kramer, S. Kumar, S. Lundeen, E. Malaret, T.B. McCord, J. Mustard, J. Nettles, N. Petro, C. Runyon, M. Staid, J. Sunshine, L. Taylor, S. Tompkins, and P. Varanasi, Mineralogy of the Lunar Crust in Spatial Context: First Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), Lunar and Planetary Institute, 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, id. 2052, 2009. reference.PIETERSETAL2009B Pieters, C.M., J.N. Goswami, R.N. Clark, M. Annadurai, J. Boardman, B. Buratti, J.-P. Combe, M.D. Dyar, R. Green, J.W. Head, C. Hibbitts, M. Hicks, P. Isaacson, R. Klima, G, Kramer, S. Kumar, E. Livo, S. Lundeen, E. Malaret, T. McCord, J. Mustard, J. Nettles, N. Petro, C. Runyon, M. Staid, J. Sunshine, L.A. Taylor, S. Tompkins, and P. Varanasi, Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1, Science, Vol. 326, No. 5952, 568-572, 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1178658. reference.PIETERSETAL2009C MOON MINERALOGY MAPPER Imager Spectrometer not applicable not applicable The following text summarizes the NASA public website for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, http://m3.jpl.nasa.gov/. Instrument Overview =================== The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) was a near-infrared imaging spectrometer of the pushbroom type on-board the Indian Space Research Organization's (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft that launched on 22 October 2008. M3 measured the spectral range from 430 to 3000 nm, had a 40-km-wide field of view from a 100-km orbit, and operated in a high resolution (70 m/pixel) target mode or a lower resolution (140 m/pixel) global mode. Originally scheduled to make target and global observations from a 100-km circular polar obit for two years, the first M3 imaging data were acquired on 18 and 19 November 2008 using both the global and target imaging modes. Several days later on 22 November, M3 acquired its first scientific images of Oriental Basin. Data acquisition from the 100-km primary science orbit continued into May 2009. On 19 May, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was raised to a 200-km to compensate for star tracker failures and orbiter temperatures that were higher than expected. On 28 August 2009 ISRO abruptly lost radio contact with the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and officially terminated the mission three days later. After ten months in operation, M3 had obtained over 4.6 billion spectra of the lunar surface, and its low resolution spatial coverage encompassed nearly the entire Moon. The instrument was funded by NASA's Discovery Mission of Opportunity program and was designed, built, and tested by a partnership between Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Brown University, USA. Preliminary results are presented by Pieters, et al. (2009b) [PIETERSETAL2009B] and Pieters, et al. (2009c) [PIETERSETAL2009C]. Instrument Characteristics ========================== M3 was a near-infrared imaging spectrometer with a compact system of optics in the Offner design which produces little or not optical distortion, either spatially or spectrally. The instrument included a robust on-board calibrator and was cooled by a multi-stage passive cooler. M3 was designed to operate in two distinct modes. The target mode was used for full resolution imaging of specific science targets, and the global mode was used for low resolution global imaging. M3 used a pushbroom method in which the field of view was passively swept through the lunar scene below it, along a line perpendicular to the slit, simultaneously exposing all 600 spatial pixels in an entire row using 260 spectral channels (in target mode). The characteristics of the instrument are summarized here: Telescope : f/2.7, all-aluminum optics Grating : Single dual-blaze electron-beam grating Detector : Single two-dimensional HgCdTe array Mass : 8 kg Volume : 25 x 18 x 21 cm Power : 15 W Spectral Range : 430 - 3000 nm Field of View : 40 km (both modes) from a 100-km orbit Imaging Modes : Target : 600 pixel crosstrack 70 m/pix spatial at 100-km orbit 260 bands (10-nm width) ~12-deg latitudinal swaths : Global : 300 pixel crosstrack 140 m/pix spatial at 100-km orbit 85 bands (20- & 40-nm width selected) ~145-deg latitudinal swaths Spectral Response : FWHM < 12.5 nm (target mode in lab) Spatial Response : FWHM < 1.0 mrad (target mode in lab) Spatial Sampling : 0.7 mrad (target mode in lab) Signal-to-Noise Ratio : >400 at the equator (0-deg solar zenith) >100 at polar regions (80-deg solar zenith) For more information about the M3 instrument, see Green, et al. (2008a) [GREENETAL2008A], Green, et al. (2008b) [GREENETAL2008B], Green, et al. (2009) [GREENETAL2009], and Petro, et al. (2008) [PETROETAL2008], and Pieters, et al. (2009a) [PIETERSETAL2009A]. Scientific Objectives ===================== The specific scientific objectives of the M3 instrument were to: - Evaluate the primary components of the lunar crust and their distribution across the highlands, - Characterize the diversity and extent of the different types of basaltic volcanism, - Identify and access deposits containing volatiles including water, - Map fresh craters to access the properties of impacts in the recent past, and - Identify and evaluate concentrations of unusual and unexpected minerals.