Instrument Information |
|
IDENTIFIER | urn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:gtt.p10::1.0 |
NAME |
GEIGER TUBE TELESCOPE |
TYPE |
PARTICLE DETECTOR |
DESCRIPTION |
Instrument Overview =================== The University of Iowa experiment comprises seven miniature Geiger-Muller tubes in various physical arrangements and with various levels of shielding responding to electrons in several energy ranges from 70 keV to tens of MeV, and protons in several energy ranges from 700 keV to tens of MeV. No one of the individual detectors distinguishes uniquely between protons or electrons. A full analysis of the relative responses of the entire array of detectors will provide separate energy spectra of electrons and protons by using laboratory-determined unit response functions and an identification matrix. Overall calibrations were provided by observations during the outbound pass of Pioneer 10 through the magnetosphere of the Earth on 3 March 1972 and during several solar energetic particle events, especially those of July and August, 1972. Principle Investigator : J.A. Van Allen Build Date : 1972-03-03 Instrument Mass : 1.64 kg Instrument Height : 0.145 m Instrument Length : 0.171 m Instrument Width : 0.145 m Instrument Manufacturer : The University of Iowa Instrument Serial Number : 0853-03 Scientific Objectives ===================== Encounter Objectives -------------------- The investigation objectives for the Pioneer 10 Jupiter encounter data are: 1) The study of the intensity of planetary energetic particles as a function of position in the magnetosphere. This includes a determination of plasma boundaries that determine the structure of the planetary magnetosphere. 2) The study of planetary energetic particle dynamics and trajectories in order to better understand planetary magnetic storms and plasma sources and sinks. 3) The study of low energy electron and proton events to understand the magnetospheric propagation and acceleration of such particles as a function of position. Cruise Objectives ----------------- The investigation objectives for the various Pioneer 10 cruise data (Earth-Jupiter, and Post-Jupiter) are: 1) The study of the intensity of galactic cosmic rays as a function of solar activity and as a function of heliocentric position. Long-range objectives are to determine the position of the modulation boundary of the heliosphere and the intensity of the galactic cosmic rays in the interstellar medium beyond it. 2) The study of solar energetic particles as a function of heliocentric distance and their propagation in the interplanetary medium. 3) The study of low energy electron and proton events to understand the interplanetary propagation and acceleration of such particles as a function of heliocentric distance. Calibration =========== The electrical power for the spacecraft is provided by four Type SNAP 19 radioisotope thermal generators (RTG's) of the Atomic Energy Commission. There are also several much weaker radioisotpe heater units (RHU's) for spot heating. The heating of these systems is provided by a mixture of plutonium isotopes. Gamma and X-rays from the decay of some of the isotopes produce a time varying background in the singles rates of the GM tubes. These background rates can be calculated using the following formulae. R(A) = 1.085*RR R(B) = 0.903*RR R(C) = 1.012*RR R(D) = 0.309*RR R(G) = 0.903*RR RR = 3.862E-02*f(t) + 2.211E-02*g(t) counts/second where f(t) = 23.792*EXP(-0.3623*t) + 12.120*EXP(-0.0094*t) - 35.912*EXP(-0.2432*t) g(t) = EXP(-0.0081*t) and t is measured in years with t=0 on June 15, 1970. [Calibration description exerpted from VANALLEN&RANDALL1985.] Detector G is a thin solid state detector and is insensitive to this radiation and hence requires no correction. Detector G also has a small Am-241 alpha particle source at the edge of its viewing cone to provide an inflight calibration. This source gives a background counting rate of 0.06 counts per second. Instrument Temperature ---------------------- The multiple GM detectors rates require no correction as a function of temperature. The singles rates of the GM tubes require a slight temperature correction. This temperature correction is of the form A'=A(T)*X(T) for detectors A, B, C and G, and for detector D, the form is D'=D(T)*Y(T), where X(T)=1.0+0.0003975*(75.0-T) and Y(T)=1.0-0.0002175*(75.0-T). The temperatures in degrees F as a function of time for Pioneer 10 are given in the following table. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer 10 Temperatures ---------------------------------------------------------------- YEAR PERIOD (DOY) TEMPERATURE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1972 63- 92 76.7-0.507*(DOY-63) 93-122 61.5-0.437*(DOY-92) 123-313 48.4-0.0375*(DOY-122) 314-366 41.2 YEAR PERIOD (DOY) TEMPERATURE PERIOD TEMPERATURE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1973 1- 40 41.2 41-131 37.1 132-236 35.9 237-365 39.5 1974 1- 33 39.5 34-365 37.7 1975 1-365 35.8 1976 1- 77 35.8 78 32.3 79- 80 28.8 81 32.3 82-170 35.8 171-366 34.03 1977 1-310 34.5 311-365 32.3 1978 1-273 32.3 274-285 25.52 286-356 32.3 357-365 30.58 1979 1-277 30.58 278-365 28.88 1980 1-332 28.88 333-366 27.20 1981 1-241 27.20 242-365 25.52 1982 1-264 25.52 266-365 23.86 1983 1- 34 23.86 35-300 22.22 301-365 20.59 1984 1-243 20.59 244-366 18.98 1985 1- 97 18.98 98-326 17.38 327-365 15.80 1986 1-174 15.80 175-317 9.55 318-365 8.00 1987 1-204 8.00 205-365 6.43 1988 1- 44 6.43 45-247 4.86 248-366 3.26 1989 1- 43 3.26 44-246 1.64 247-270 -.03 271-284 -1.75 285-365 -3.54 1990 1-155 -3.54 156-365 -5.33 1991 1- 24 -5.33 25-259 -7.12 260-365 -8.91 Detectors ========= Seven miniature Geiger-Mueller (GM) tubes are used as basic detectors. Four of these (A, B, C, and G) are EON Corporation end-window type 6213 tubes. The three other tubes (D, E, and F) are EON Corporation type 5107 tubes. The seven tubes were placed in a variety of physical arrangements. Tubes A, C, and B are mounted in a single block. The central tube C is shielded omnidirectionally. Tubes A and B are similarly shielded except for thinner window unidirectional collimators in the +X (s/c coordinates) direction. The individual counting rates of the three tubes are telemetered separately; also, double coincidences AB and triple coincidences ABC with a resolving time of 1 microsecond are formed and telemetered. The second assembly comprises an omnidirectionally shielded triangular array of three 5107 tubes. The rate of D and the triple coincidence rate of the DEF are telemetered. The third assembly uses a thin window 6213 (tube G) in a scatter geometry with a 90 degree gold-plated elbow as the entrance aperture. Detector G looks in the +X direction. --------------------------------------------------------------- University of Iowa Geiger Tube Telescope Energy Ranges and Geometric Factors of Pioneer 10 Detectors --------------------------------------------------------------- Effective Inverse Omnidirectional 1 Geometric ------- Effective Energy Factor 4*pi*Q Detector Range, MeV (1/Q),cm**-2 Type (cm*cm*sr)**-1 --------------------------------------------------------------- Electrons G-C 0.0621 23 O ... D E>31 63 O ... AB E>21 6910 D 550 ABC E>21 6910 D 550 DEF E>31 3150 O ... Protons G-C 2580 8.2 O ... D E>80 23 O ... AB E>130 2463 D 196 ABC E>130 2463 D 196 DEF E>150 11500 O ... _________________________________________________________________ Type D=Directional O=Omnidirectional Electronics =========== The GTT electronics system consists of two basic sections. The first is the power converter which regulates and filters the 28 volt, 20 kHz spacecraft power supply. The on-off command functions through a solid state switch by removing power from the driving circuitry. Output voltages of +7.75, +5.00, -12.00 and +900 are supplied to the experiment. The 7.75 and 5.00 volt lines are regulated to 1% and the 900 volt lines are regulated with VR tubes. The second section is the signal processor. This is used to condition the data from the seven detectors and consists of a MOS/TTL/transistor hybrid system containing MOS/TTL logic and transistorized discrete component interface circuits. The processor is completely redundant with the exception of the interface circuits. Upon command to the spacecraft, the signal processor can be switched from the main logic system to a stand-by redundant logic system. The function of the processor is to sequentially accumulate data on a frame basis from the seven detectors. Data are accumulated in a 24 bit register and then compressed quasi-logarithmically to 12 bits for transmission. Mounting ======== The Z-axis of the instrument is parallel to the axis of rotation of the spacecraft. The +X axis points outward into free space from the rim of the instrument compartment of the spacecraft. The magnetometer and a portion of the magnetometer boom subtend a trivial fraction of the fields of view of the collimators of A, B, and G; otherwise, there is no physical obstruction within the fields of view. The rotational axis (+Z) of the spacecraft is pointed continuously at the earth within an error of less than one degree and therefore lies approximately in the ecliptic plane. The spin period and sampling period are asynchronous; thus angular distributions of particle intensities as a function of roll angle in the equatorial plane of the spacecraft are assembled as a software operation by using attitude data supplied by the Ames Research Center. In our analysis the roll angle is measured from the ascending node of the spacecraft's equator on the ecliptic to the +X axis of the instrument at the midtime of the sample. Operational Considerations ========================== The instrument uses 12 bits in each 192-bit main science frame of the spacecraft's telemetry format. Quasilogarithmic data compression is used to maintain 1% accuracy at all possible counting rates. All outputs are digital. A complete cycle of the GTT data comprises eleven main science frames as follows: sync word, G, A, B, G, AB, ABC, C, D, ABC, and DEF. Counts from each detector channel are accumulated for a period of time in seconds equal to 192/b, where b is the telemetry rate in bits per second for the entire spacecraft (b=16, 32, 64, 128, 512, 1024, or 2048, as selected by ground command). Operational Modes ================= INSTRUMENT MODE ID : ON GAIN MODE ID : N/A DATA PATH TYPE : REALTIME INSTRUMENT POWER CONSUMPTION : 1.6 ??????? The GTT experiment utilizes two commands. A power ON/OFF command and a function command for Main/Standby processor selection. [VANALLENETAL1980] Section ID: 'GEIGER TUBES A, B, C, & D' --------------------------------------- Scan Mode ID : N/A Data Rate : 16-2048 Sample Bits : 24 Total FOVS : 1 Fields of view FOV Shape Name : Cone Horizontal Pixel FOV : N/A Vertical Pixel FOV : N/A Horizontal FOV : 30 Vertical FOV : 30 Parameters Instrument Parameter Name : Particle Count Rate Minimum Instrument Parameter : 0.1 Maximum Instrument Parameter : 2.0E04 Noise Level : 0.4 Instrument Parameter Unit : counts/second Sampling Parameter Name : TIME Minimum Sampling Parameter : N/A Maximum Sampling Parameter : N/A Sampling Parameter Interval : 115.5 Sampling Parameter Resolution : 0.75 ???????? Sampling Parameter Unit : second Detector ID : Geiger Tube G Electronics ID : GTT Filter Number : N/A Telescope ID : N/A Section ID: 'GTT' ----------------- Scan Mode ID : N/A Data Rate : 16-2048 Sample Bits : 24 Total FOVS : 1 Fields of view FOV Shape Name : Cone Horizontal Pixel FOV : N/A Vertical Pixel FOV : N/A Horizontal FOV : 40 Vertical FOV : 40 FOVS : 1 Parameters Instrument Parameter Name : Particle Count Rate Minimum Instrument Parameter : 0.1 Maximum Instrument Parameter : 2.E04 Noise Level : .06 Instrument Parameter Unit : counts/sec Sampling Parameter Name : TIME Minimum Sampling Parameter : N/A Maximum Sampling Parameter : N/A Sampling Parameter Interval : 115.5 Sampling Parameter Resolution : .75 ??????? Sampling Parameter Unit : second ['Detectors', 'Electronics', 'Mounting', and 'Operational Considerations' descriptions exerpted from VANALLENETAL1974.] |
MODEL IDENTIFIER | |
NAIF INSTRUMENT IDENTIFIER |
not applicable |
SERIAL NUMBER |
not applicable |
REFERENCES |
Fimmel, R.O., W. Swindell, E. Burgess, Pioneer Odyssey, NASA SP-396,
Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1977. Van Allen, J.A., B.A. Randall, Interplanetary cosmic ray intensity - 1972-1984 and out to 32 AU, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1399, 1985. Van Allen, J.A., D.N. Baker, B.A. Randall, and D.D. Sentman, The magnetosphere of Jupiter as observed with Pioneer 10, 1, Instrument and principal findings, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 3559, 1974. Van Allen, J.A., B.A. Randall, and M.F. Thomsen, Sources and sinks of energetic electrons and protons in Saturn's magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5679, 1980. |