Instrument Information |
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IDENTIFIER | urn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:iris.mr9::1.0 |
NAME |
INFRARED INTERFEROMETER SPECTROMETER |
TYPE |
SPECTROMETER |
DESCRIPTION |
INSTRUMENT: INFRARED INTERFEROMETER SPECTROMETER SPACECRAFT: MARINER 9 Instrument Information ====================== Instrument Id : IRIS Instrument Host Id : MR9 PI Pds User Id : BJCONRATH Instrument Name : INFRARED INTERFEROMETER SPECTROMETER Instrument Type : INFRARED INTERFEROMETER Instrument Mass : 22.3 Instrument Serial Number : IRIS M Instrument Manufacturer Name : TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Instrument Description ====================== The Mariner 9 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) instrument is a Michelson interferometer with a circular aperture 4.3 cm in diameter. The field of view is also circular, with an angular diameter of approximately 4.4 degrees. The effective spectral range of the interferometer is 200-2000 cm**-1, and the apodized spectral resolution is 2.4 cm**-1. The dwell time for each interferogram is 18.2 s. An image-motion-compensating mirror, inclined at an angle of 45 degrees to the axis of rotation, is part of the instrument; however, it was never used for motion compensation. The beam splitter of the interferometer consists of a multilayer dielectric coating applied to a CsI substrate. The moving mirror mounted on one end of a motor shaft is driven at a constant velocity of 0.0235 cm/s during the recording of an interferogram. The fringe-control/reference interferometer uses the same moving mirror, beamsplitter and fixed mirror, but a different optical path than the IR signal, making use of the center of the beamsplitter. The center of the beamsplitter is coated to perform well in the visible and near-infrared for the reference interferometer. A 0.6929 micrometer neon line source is used for the reference interferometer with a photomultiplier detector. The signal from this unit, along with a velocity transducer, provides feedback control of the main interferometer, and as an initiator for the analog to digital conversion process. Synchronization of the data stream with the spacecraft clock is accomplished by a phased locked loop which slaves the mirror motion to the highly stable clock frequency. The main IR detector is a thermister bolometer operating at 250 K with a bias voltage of 500 V. The entrance window of the instrument is also CsI to permit operation to 200 cm**-1. The window seals the interferometer from moisture and dust, and it supports an optical filter designed to reflect sunlight and thermal radiation below 2500 cm**-1. The filter also protected the CsI window from atmospheric degradation during storage and launch. Calibration is provided by alternatively viewing deep space and a built-in blackbody maintained at a temperature of 296.4 K (see instrument calibration description) by rotation of the image motion compensation mirror. The dynamic range of the instrument is 8000:1 with an NER (noise equivalent radiance) of 0.5 x 10**-7 W cm**-2 sr**-1/cm**-1. The temperature of the instrument is passively and actively controlled to operate at a nominal temperature of 250.0 +/- 0.2 K. One surface of the instrument is not covered by thermal insulation; it acts as a passive radiator to deep space. Active thermal control is maintained by the action of thermostatically controlled heaters. The thermostat kept the IRIS optical module temperature constant to within +/- 0.2 K from the time of the initial cooldown prior to launch, through the transit phase, and during orbital operation at Mars [HANEL_ETAL_1972A, HANEL_ETAL_1972B, HANEL_ETAL_1972C]. Scientific Objectives ===================== The scientific objectives of the Mariner 9 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) investigation include the following: (1) Determination of the carbon dioxide pressure at the surface. (2) Determination of the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. (3) Determination of the total amount of atmospheric water vapor. (4) Identification and determination of the abundances of other minor atmospheric constituents. (5) Determination of surface temperatures. (6) Determination of chemical or mineralogical composition and information of the physical structure of the surface layer, including polar deposits. These objectives are accomplished through the analysis of measurements of thermal emission spectra. Calibration =========== Calibration spectra were periodically recorded while observing either deep space or an on-board warm blackbody (T = 296.4 K). One pair of calibration spectra is generated for every 14 spectra of Mars (7 spectra of Mars, on-board black-body, 7 spectra of Mars, deep space, etc.). Scaling of the raw Martian spectra to the calibration spectra specifies the Martian spectra in absolute radiometric units. The calibration procedure for the Mariner 9 spectra is similar to that previously described for Nimbus 4, see HANEL_ETAL_1972D. The excellent thermal stability of the Mariner 9 IRIS permitted the entire ensemble of 1766 calibration pairs acquired during the Mariner mission to be averaged to provide a single set of calibration parameters. Consequently, the random error introduced into the individual target spectra from calibration is extremely small. The calibration is carried out independently for each wavenumber interval by using the equation I = B(Tw) * (C1 - C2) / A1 / (C3 - C2), where C1 = the instantaneous spectral amplitude for Mars, C2 = the average of the spectral amplitudes for the cold calibration source (deep space), and C3 = the average of the spectral amplitudes for the warm calibration source (on-board reference blackbody). B(Tw) is the Planck function for the temperature of the warm reference blackbody (Tw). Tw is an average of eight transducer measurements made immediately before and after each interferogram. A1 is the reciprocal value of the emissivity of the black paint used in the warm calibration source, an aluminum plate with 30 degree V-shaped grooves painted with 3M 401-C10 Black Velvet paint. While this paint is relatively black over most of the instrument spectral range, small glass beads contained in it give rise to emittance variations of a few percent near 480 cm**-1 and 1100 cm**-1 which are characteristic wave numbers of silicon dioxide. The correction factor was derived from laboratory reflectance measurements on a duplicate blackbody, from similar measurements on the same type of paint, kindly made available by James Aronson (private communication), and finally from comparisons of the warm and cold calibrations of the interferometer while in orbit around Mars. All three methods were in agreement; consequently, the emissivity correction of the warm calibration source has been applied to all spectra. The emissivity of the reference 'blackbody' is listed below: Wave Wave Number Emissivity Number Emissivity (cm**-1) (cm**-1) 370 1.00 1000 0.98 375 1.00 1005 0.98 380 1.00 1010 0.97 385 1.00 1015 0.97 390 1.00 1020 0.96 395 0.99 1025 0.96 400 0.99 1030 0.96 405 0.99 1035 0.95 410 0.99 1040 0.95 415 0.99 1045 0.94 420 0.98 1050 0.94 425 0.98 1055 0.94 430 0.98 1060 0.94 435 0.97 1065 0.93 440 0.97 1070 0.93 445 0.96 1075 0.93 450 0.96 1080 0.92 455 0.95 1085 0.92 460 0.95 1090 0.92 465 0.95 1095 0.92 470 0.95 1100 0.91 475 0.95 1105 0.91 480 0.96 1110 0.91 485 0.97 1115 0.92 490 0.98 1120 0.92 495 0.99 1125 0.92 500 0.99 1130 0.93 505 0.99 1135 0.94 510 1.00 1140 0.95 515 1.00 1145 0.96 520 1.00 1150 0.96 . . 1155 0.97 . . 1160 0.98 . . 1165 0.98 945 1.00 1170 0.98 950 1.00 1175 0.99 955 1.00 1180 0.99 960 0.99 1185 0.99 965 0.99 1190 0.99 970 0.99 1195 0.99 975 0.99 1200 0.99 980 0.99 1205 1.00 985 0.99 1210 1.00 990 0.98 1215 1.00 995 0.98 1220 1.00 The responsivity of the instrument and a spectral instrument temperature may also be derived from each calibration pair. The noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR), a measure of the random errors in the measurements, is calculated from the standard deviation of the individual instantaneous responsivities. The derivation and description of all the instrumental parameters are discussed in detail in HANELETAL1972D. Reference, responsivity, noise, and instrument temperature spectra are included in the auxiliary data of the MARINER9-MARS-IRIS-3-RDR-V1.0 dataset. Small, narrow spikes are present in the instrument NESR at the following locations: nu(cm-1) f(Hz) Probable Source ---------------------------------------------------- 356. 8.36 8-1/3 bps-telemetry rate 713. 16.76 2 (8-1/3) 1069. 25.12 4 (8-1/3) 1203. 28.27 Unknown 1426. 33.52 4 (8-1/3) & 33-1/3 1782. 41.88 5 (8-1/3) The most probable sources of most of these spikes are transients caused by the engineering telemetry channels which have characteristic frequencies of 8-1/3 and 33-1/3 bps. The source of the interference at 28.27 Hz is unknown. In addition to the radiometric calibration, a wave number correction has been applied to the data. The finite solid angles of the primary and reference interferometers cause a small wave number shift and a distortion of the true wave number scale. This well known effect, caused by the interference of on-axis and off-axis rays, has been corrected for empirically. A numerical fit of a Lorentzian function was made to determine the center wave number position nu_m and nu_t of the strongest carbon dioxide features in a measured and in a theoretical spectrum, respectively. The correction adopted to provide the theoretical wave number scale is nu_t = (0.016187 + nu_m) / 1.0010602. This adjustment has been incorporated in the calculation of the wave number mesh for the calibrated radiances. Operational Considerations ========================== The Mariner 9 IRIS instrument operated normally throughout the mission. As discussed in the Instrument Calibration Description, the excellent thermal stability of the Mariner 9 IRIS permitted the entire ensemble of 1766 calibration pairs acquired during the Mariner mission to be averaged to provide a single set of calibration parameters. Consequently, the random error introduced into the individual target spectra from the calibration is extremely small. However, a detailed analysis of emission angle pairs of spectra has determined that there may be a very minor calibration error due to a small spike in one of the calibration interferograms. Additionally, for spectra taken of areas with extremely low temperatures the NESR dominates at high wavenumbers causing the calculated brightness temperatures to increase with increasing wavenumber. Instrument Detectors ==================== The detector of the infrared interferometer is a thermister bolometer operating at 250 K with a bias voltage of 500 V. Instrument Electronics ====================== The bulk of the analog and all of the digital circuitry is in an electronics module located in the support base for the interferometer module. The parity and summation electronics are in a separate box attached to the support base electronics module. The primary and standby power supplies and the interface chassis are part of the Mariner octagonal spacecraft bus structure. The electronics box contains timing and control elements, mirror drive circuitry, housekeeping monitors, thermal controllers, and analog-to-digital converters. Instrument Optics ================= All mirrors of the interferometer are gold coated. The fixed interferometer mirror is the entrance pupil for the optical system. It has an effective circular aperture of 3.5 cm diameter. An ellipsoidal mirror collects the energy from the interferometer and focuses it onto the infrared detector, a thermister bolometer, which serves as the exit pupil. Instrument Offset ================= The instrument and the associated electronics modules are bolted to the scan platform. The primary and standby power supplies and the interface chassis are part of the octagonal electronics rack of the spacecraft. The instrument is approximately bore-sighted with the television camera, ultraviolet spectrometer and infrared radiometer. Instrument Parameters ===================== Thermal Radiance (W cm-2 ster-1/cm-1). Instrument Modes ================ The instrument possesses only one operating mode. When turned on the instruments acquires one interferogram every 21 second data frame. |
MODEL IDENTIFIER | |
NAIF INSTRUMENT IDENTIFIER |
not applicable |
SERIAL NUMBER |
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REFERENCES |
Hanel, R., B. Schlachman, E. Breihan, R. Bywaters, F. Chapman, M. Rhodes,
D. Rodgers, D. Vanous, Mariner 9 Michelson Interferometer, Applied Optics,
11, 2625, 1972. Hanel, R., B. Conrath, W. Hovis, V. Kunde, P. Lowman, J. Pearl, C. Prabhakara, B. Schlachman, Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment on the Mariner 9 Mission: Preliminary Results, Science, 175, 305-308, 1972. Hanel, R., B. Conrath, W. Hovis, V. Kunde, P. Lowman, W. Maguire, J. Pearl, J. Pirraglia, C. Prabhakara, B. Schlachman, Investigation of the Martian Environment by Infrared Spectroscopy, Icarus, 17, 423-442, 1972. Hanel, R., B. Conrath, V. Kunde, C. Prabhakara, I. Revah, V. Salomonson, G. Wolford, The Nimbus 4 Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment 1: Calibrated Thermal Emission Spectra, Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 2629, 1972. |