Mission Objectives Overview  ===========================    The main scientific objective of lunar mission was the photo-selenologi    and chemical mapping of the Moon.  Studies with high spectral and spati    resolutions are needed to improve our understanding of the origin and    evolution of the Moon.  The Chandrayaan-1 mission aimed to achieve this    goal by carrying out remote sensing observations over a wide range of t    electromagnetic spectrum for simultaneous mineralogical, chemical, and    photo-geological mapping of the lunar surface at resolutions better tha    previous and contemporary lunar missions.     The Chandrayaan-1 payload had the following broad science and technolog    objectives:     TMC    ---      Science objectives:      - Perform systematic topographic mapping of the entire lunar surface,        including the far side and polar regions.      - Prepare a three-dimensional atlas of the Moon with high spatial and        altitude sampling for scientific studies.  High-resolution imagery        the entire Moon will help detailed study of specific lunar regions        scientific interest and further our understanding of lunar evolutio     HYSI    ----      Science objectives:      * Map the entire lunar surface in 64 contiguous band in the visible a        near-infrared from 421 to 964 nm with a spatial separation of 80 m.      * Combine these data with the study of deep craters such as the South        Pole-Aitken basin which contains surface expression of lower crusta        or upper mantle material, as well as central hills of targeted luna        craters, to further our understanding of the mineralogical composit        of Moon's crust and its formation and evolution.     M3    --      Science objectives:      - Acquire low-resolution spectroscopic data of the entire lunar surfa        at 14 m/pixel in 86 spectral channels to be used as a base-map.      - Acquire high spectral resolution data at 80 m/pixel in 260 channels      - Perform a detailed mineral assessment of the different lunar terrai        to improve our understanding of the geologic evolution of the lunar        crust and lay a foundation for future in-depth exploration of the        Moon.     SIR    ---      Science Objectives:      - Obtain high spatial and spectral resolution data to study mineralog        of selected lunar targets (e.g., the distribution of olivine on the        central peaks of craters).      - The data will contribute to investigations of:        - The origin of the Moon and the Earth-Moon system,        - The character and evolution of the primitive lunar crust,        - The thermal evolution of the Moon and lunar volcanism, and        - The impact record and redistribution of crustal materials.     LLRI    ----      Science Objectives:      - Acquire altimetry data that will accurately map topology of the Moo      - Generate an improved model of the lunar gravitational field for bet        understanding of the geophysics of the Moon.      - Use the data for significant insight into lunar evolution.     C1XS/XSM    --------      Science objectives:      - Perform global mapping of the Moon in X-rays of key rock-forming        elements (Si, Mg, Al and Fe).      - Determine the abundance of Mg across the Moon.      - Perform geochemical and stratigraphic investigations of large crate        basins, and mare deposits, in particular the South Pole-Aitken basi      - Evaluate of key lunar resources.      - Study the interaction of lunar plasma with the solar wind.      - Investigate Earth's X-Ray aurora and magnetotail.      - Study targets of opportunity such as comets during cruise.      - Study the long-term evolution of solar flares with XSM.     HEX    ---      Science objectives:      - Study the transport of volatiles on the lunar surface through the        detection of 46.5 keV line from 210Pb decay which is a product        of volatile 222Rn, both belonging to the 238U decay series.      - Perform spectral studies at hard X-ray energies (30 to 270 keV)        using solid state detectors with good energy resolution.     SARA    ----      Science objectives:      - Map the elemental composition of the lunar surface including the        permanently shadowed areas.      - Directly image the magnetic anomalies of the lunar surface (in        sputtered and backscattered LENAs).      - Study the processes of space weathering.      - Study the sputtering sources of the exospheric gases.     Mini-SAR    --------      Science objectives:      - Map a previously unknown region of the Moon and collect information        relevant to the possible existence of water/ice.      - Collect information about the scattering properties of the permanen        dark areas near the lunar poles at optimum viewing geometry and map        the terrain of these areas which are invisible to normal imaging        sensors.     MIP    ---      Science objectives:      - Land in the south polar region of the Moon, an area of prime        interest from both lunar science and lunar resource perspectives.      - Demonstrate technologies useful for future landing mission and perf        a novel scientific experiment to measure the tenuous composition of        the lunar day side.      - Perform detailed remote sensing studies of the Moon at various        wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum.     RADOM    ------      Scientific objectives:      - Monitor the radiation environment en route and during lunar orbit.      - Measure the amount of radiation absorbed due to energetic particles        of galactic and solar origins.      - Monitor the effect of solar particle events to assess the dose        received by the spacecraft and estimate the same for future, long-        duration  missions to the Moon.    Ground Segment Overview  =======================    The Chandrayaan-1 ground segment can be subdivided into four main    entities: the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), Ground Stations Network    (GSN), Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC), and Payload Operations    Centre (POC).     Mission Operations Complex    --------------------------      The MOX was located at Peenya campus of ISTRAC in Bangalore, India.      phases of mission operations for Chandrayaan-1 were executed from the      MOX, and it provided facilities such as the Main Control Room, the      Mission Analysis Room, Mission Planning and Flight Dynamics, the Miss      Scheduling and Payload Scheduling Facility.  Mission and spacecraft      specialists along with the operations crew from ISTRAC carried out      operations from the MOX.     Ground Stations Network    -----------------------      The Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC) functions, which are nearly      continuous health monitoring as well as commanding and tracking data      collection, were performed by a comprehensive network of ground      stations. For the orbit raising phase, the TTC functions were execute      by ground stations at ISTRAC network (Bangalore, Mauritius, Port Blai      Brunei, Biak, Trivandrum), USN (Hawaii), INPE (Alcantara, Cuiaba), JP      DSN (Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid), and APL (Maryland).  After the      100,000-km cross-over, IDSN (Bangalore-D18, D32), JPL DSN (Goldstone,      Canberra, and Madrid), and APL were used both for TTC functions and f      science data collection.     Indian Space Science Data Centre    --------------------------------      The Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) is the infrastructure wh      facilitated science data processing, archival, and dissemination      functions for scientists.  The data transfer system at ISSDC, with      suitable security systems, provided for the distribution of science d      (as per the data policy) to the concerned institutions.  Level-0 and      Level-1 data products from the instruments, as applicable, were      routinely produced at ISSDC.  The computer networking at ISSDC catere      to connectivity to the IDSN operations facility, the MOX, and the POC     Payload Operations Centres    --------------------------      Within India, the POCs were the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in      Ahmedabad (TMC, HySI, MIS), the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) in      Bangalore (C1XS, HEX, LLRI), and the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VS      in Trivandrum (SARA, MIP).  The POCs were responsible for the analysi      of science data, providing quality information at the ISSDC and the M      generation of higher level products, advising the Satellite Control      Centre (SCC) on any operations requirements and command needs, provid      calibration support and updates when necessary, and providing adequat      support for the life cycle maintenance of the software provided to th      ISSDC.    Acronym List  ============    AOCE      Attitude and Orbit Control Electronics    AOCS      Attitude and Orbit Control System    APL       Applied Physics Laboratory    BDH       Baseband Data Handling    BMU       Bus Management Unit    BPSK      Binary Phase Shift Keying    CASS      Coarse Analog Sun Sensor    CCD       Charge Coupled Device    CCSDS     Consultative committee for Space Data Systems    CENA      Chandrayaan-1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer    CIXS      Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X-ray Spectrometer    DGA       Dual Gimbal Antenna    DTG       Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope    DSN       Deep Space Network    EBN       Earth Bound maneuver Number    GSN       Ground Station Network    H/W       Hardware    HEX       High Energy X-ray Spectrometer    HySI      Hyper Spectral Imager    IAC       Inertial Attitude Control    IDSN      Indian Deep Space Network    INPE      National Institute for Space Research in Brazil    ISAC      ISRO Satellite Centre    ISRO      Indian Space Research Organization    ISSDC     Indian Space Science Data Centre    ISTRAC    ISRO Telemetry, Tracking network    I/F       Interface    JPL       Jet Propulsion Laboratory    LBN       Lunar Bound maneuver Number    LLRI      Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument    LOI       Lunar Orbit Insertion    LRO       Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter    LTT       Lunar Transfer Trajectory    M3        Moon Mineralogy Mapper    MIP       Moon Impact Probe    MLI       Multi Layer Insulation    MOX       Mission Operations Complex    Mini-SAR  Miniaturized Synthetic Aperture Radar    RADOM     Radiation Dose Monitor    POC       Payload Operation Centre    PM        Phase Modulation    PSK       Phase Shift Key    PSLV      Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle    TCM       Trajectory Correction Maneuver    TMC       Terrain Mapping Camera    SAC       Space Applications Centre    SADA      Solar Array Drive Assembly    SARA      Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer    SCC       Satellite Control Centre    SDSC      Satish Dhawan Space Center    SIR-2     Short wave Infrared Radiometer    SPSS      Solar Panel Sun Sensor    SSR       Solid State Recorder    SWIM      Solar Wind Monitor    TTC       Telemetry, Tracking and Command    USN       Universal Space Network, Inc.    VSSC      Vikram Sarabhai Space Center    XSM       Solar X-ray Monitor