JUNO MISSION OBJECTIVES=======================    Prime Mission Objectives  ========================  Juno's science objectives encompass four scientific themes:  origin, interior structure, atmospheric composition and dynamics, and polar  magnetosphere.  These are based on Appendix E to the New Frontiers Program  Plan: Program Level Requirements for the Juno Project (PLRA).  Juno   addresses science objectives central to three NASA Science divisions: Solar  System (Planetary), Earth-Sun System (Heliophysics), and Universe   (Astrophysics).    Juno's primary science goal of understanding the formation,  evolution, and structure of Jupiter is directly related to the conditions in  the early solar system which led to the formation of our planetary system.   The mass of Jupiter's solid core and the abundance of heavy elements in the  atmosphere discriminate among models for giant planet formation.  Juno  constrains the core mass by mapping the gravitational field, and measures  through microwave sounding the global abundances of oxygen (water) and  nitrogen (ammonia). Juno reveals the history of Jupiter by mapping the  gravitational and magnetic fields with sufficient resolution to constrain  Jupiter's interior structure, the source region of the magnetic field, and  the nature of deep convection. By sounding deep into Jupiter's atmosphere,  Juno determines to what depth the belts and zones penetrate.  Juno provides  the first survey and exploration of the three-dimensional structure of  Jupiter's polar magnetosphere.  The overall goal of the Juno mission is to  improve our understanding of the solar system by understanding the origin  and evolution of Jupiter.  ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION  -----------------------  Juno investigates the formation and origin of Jupiter's atmosphere and the  potential migration of planets through the measurement of Jupiter's global  abundance of oxygen (water) and nitrogen (ammonia).    a) Constrain the global O/H ratio (water abundance) in Jupiter's       atmosphere.    b) Constrain the global N/H ratio (ammonia) in Jupiter's atmosphere.  ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE  ---------------------  Juno investigates variations in Jupiter's deep atmosphere related to  meteorology, composition, temperature profiles, cloud opacity, and  atmospheric dynamics.    a) Determine microwave opacity as a function of latitude and altitude        (pressure).    b) Determine depths of cloud and atmospheric features such as zones,       belts, and spots, and map dynamical variations.    c) Characterize microwave opacity of the polar atmosphere region.  MAGNETIC FIELD  --------------  Juno investigates the fine structure of Jupiter's magnetic field, providing  information on its internal structure and the nature of the dynamo.    a) Map the magnetic field of Jupiter, globally, by direct measurement       of the field at close-in radial distances.    b) Determine the magnetic spectrum of the field, providing information       on the dynamo core radius.    c) Investigate secular variations (long-term time variability) of the       magnetic field.  GRAVITY FIELD  --------------  Juno gravity sounding explores the distribution of mass inside the planet.    a) Determine the gravity field to provide constraints on the mass of the        core.    b) Determine the gravity field to detect the centrifugal response of the       planet to its own differential rotation (winds) at depths of kilobars       and greater.    c) Investigate the response to tides raised by the Jovian satellites.  POLAR MAGNETOSPHERE  -------------------  Juno explores Jupiter's three-dimensional polar magnetosphere and aurorae.    a) Investigate the primary auroral processes responsible for particle       acceleration.    b) Characterize the field-aligned currents that transfer angular momentum       from Jupiter to its magnetosphere.    c) Identify and characterize auroral radio and plasma wave emissions       associated with particle acceleration.    d) Characterize the nature, location, and spatial scale of auroral       features.  Extended Mission Objectives  ===========================  During the Extended Mission (EM) phase, Juno will address the following  science objectives:   Atmosphere:    Investigate Jupiter's northern latitudes, gather information on its    water/ammonia abundance, polar cyclones, ionospheric profile (electron    and neutral temperature), and variability of lightning.  Interior structure:    Investigate shearing, characterize shallow dynamo, dilute core, and the    interior/atmosphere coupling.  Magnetosphere:    Explore the polar magnetopause and probe the polar cap auroral    acceleration.  Ring studies:    Characterize the ring dust and the ring plasma environment.  Ganymede:    Investigate the 3-D structure and dynamics of its magnetosphere and    ionosphere.  Europa:    Investigate the ice shell and characterize surface sputtering.  Io:    Constrain the global magma ocean, monitor volcanic activity, and    characterize magnetospheric interaction.  ATMOSPHERE  ----------  Investigate variation of water abundance as a function of latitude.   Determine if the northern pole of Jupiter is unique in composition.  Characterize atmospheric composition, vertical structure, and dynamics of  the northern hemisphere. Investigate the transition from zonal jets to  vortices at mid-latitudes and the culmination that leads to vortex crystals  at the poles. Monitor long-term changes and roots of vortex patterns.   Characterize temporal and spatial variability of Jovian lightning to  investigate the role of thunderstorms on the shallow and deep atmospheric  dynamics.  Investigate Jupiter's upper atmosphere, ionosphere and auroral heating and  energy transfer to lower latitudes.  INTERIOR  --------  Investigate the shearing of the Great Blue Spot (GBS), and the source depth  of the GBS dynamo region.  Investigate the dynamo source depth, characterize small spatial scale  features in the northern hemisphere, constrain convective stability of a  double layer dynamo.  Constrain and characterize the dilute core and constrain the existence of a  compact inner core.  Investigate the coupling between the interior structure, magnetic field and  deep atmosphere.   SATELLITES  ----------  Investigate the 3-D structure of Ganymede's magnetosphere and its  interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere over a wide range of magnetic  latitudes. Provide constraints on the density and composition of Ganymede's  ionosphere and exosphere over a range of latitudes and altitudes Ganymede  and its magnetosphere.   Investigate the upper 10 km of Europa's ice shell to characterize the  variations in thickness and identify regions of subsurface water.    Characterize variations in density, temperature, and purity of the   subsurface ice to distinguish geologic processes within the ice shell to  probe how terrain types are associated with subsurface-surface exchange.  Investigate surface sputtering effects on Europa and atmosphere.  Search for evidence of shallow, near-surface thermal anomalies indicative  of recent geological activity (warm diapirs) and/or near surface melt or  trapped water. Investigate surface sputtering effects on Europa and  atmosphere.   Investigate Io's interior via tidal gravitational response to Jupiter's  gravity and magnetic induction. Address current stability of the Laplace  resonance that controls tidal heating.  Investigate the local environment of Io and its interaction with Jupiter's  magnetosphere.   Investigate and monitor Io volcanic activity, composition, topography, heat  flow and lava temperatures, including high latitudes.  Map surface changes  relative to previous missions to constrain resurfacing rates.   Investigate Io's atmospheric pickup ions, sublimation, volcanic sources,  and supply of various species to Io torus.  RINGS  -----  Characterize the dust population of Jupiter's ring system. Characterize  density and size distribution of micron-sized dust between Jupiter's ring  and the planet extending into the halo region. Study interactions between  ring particles and low- and high-energy charged particles. Investigate ring  particle density distribution relative to equatorial plane. Constrain  charging environment close to the ring.  MAGNETOSPHERE  -------------  Determine the spatial and temporal variability of the Io and Europa plasma  tori in order to address the transport of mass and energy through Jupiter's  inner magnetosphere. Explore the region near Jupiter's polar magnetopause  to investigate the interconnection and accessibility to the interplanetary  medium. Characterize Jupiter's auroral acceleration region by searching  beneath altitudes accessed during Juno's prime mission.