Data Set Overview : This data set set contains version 1.0 of raw narrow band filter images (350-950 nm) of Earth acquired by the Deep Impact High Resolution Visible CCD during the EPOCh phase of the EPOXI mission. Three sets of observations were acquired on 18-19 March, 28-29 May, and 4-5 June 2008 to characterize Earth as an analog for extrasolar planets. Each observing period lasted approximately 24 hours. HRIV images were acquired once per hour with the filters centered on 350, 750 and 950 nm, whereas the 450-, 550-, 650-, and 850-nm data were taken every 15 minutes. During the observing period in May, the Moon transited across Earth as seen from the spacecraft.  Additional Earth observations are being planned for the mission because two observing periods that were scheduled from late March through early May 2008 were canceled due to a telecommunications anomaly on board the spacecraft. These data will be added to a future version of this data set.   Required Reading --------------- The following documents are essential for the understanding and interpretation of this data set. Please note the most recent version of these documents, including other formats such as ASCII text, can be found in the Deep Impact and EPOXI documentation data set, DI-C-HRII-HRIV-MRI-ITS-6-DOC-SET-V2.0.  EPOXI_SIS.PDF - The Archive Volume and Data Product Software Interface Specifications document (SIS) describes the the data set, the science data products, and defines keywords in the PDS labels.  CALIBRATION_PAPER_DRAFT.PDF - The Deep Impact instrument calibration paper by Klaasen, et al. (2008) [KLAASENETAL2006] describes how the instruments were calibrated for Deep Impact and similarly for EPOXI and explains the calibration process used for both missions. The published version should be available online in the Review of Scientific Instruments by the American Institute of Physics. The EPOXI archive provides only an incomplete draft.  INSTRUMENTS_HAMPTON.PDF - The Deep Impact instruments paper by Hampton, et al. (2005) [HAMPTONETAL2005] provides very detailed descriptions of the instruments.  EPOCH_EARTH_OBS.PDF - This document describes of the EPOCh Earth observations although most of the information is captured in this data set catalog file you are reading.  EPOCH_EARTH_SEQ_2008.PDF - This document provides pointing and sequencing information for the EPOCh Earth observations in 2008, including descriptions of the HRII scans of Earth (scan direction, rate, etc.).  EPOCH_OVERVIEW.PDF - This presentation provides an overview of the EPOCh phase of the EPOXI mission.  HRIV_2_EPOXI_EARTH.TAB - This ASCII table provides image parameters such as the mid-obs Julian date, exposure time, mission activity type, and description or purpose for each observation (i.e., data product) in this data set. This file is very useful for determining which data files to work with.  Publications of the scientific results from the Earth observations in this data set include Cowan, et al. (2009) [COWANETAL2009] and Livengood, et al. (2009) [LIVENGOODETAL2009].   Related Data Sets ----------------- The following PDS data sets are related to this one and may be useful for research:  DIF-E-HRIV-3/4-EPOXI-EARTH-V1.0 - Calibrated HRIV Earth observations  DIF-CAL-HRIV-2-EPOXI-CALIBRATIONS-V1.0 - Raw HRIV dark frames taken at the end of each set of Earth observations in this data set  DIF-E-HRII-2-EPOXI-EARTH-V1.0 DIF-E-HRII-3/4-EPOXI-EARTH-V1.0 - Raw and calibrated 1.05- to 4.8-micron HRI IR spectra of Earth, covering the same observing period as this data set  DIF-E-MRI-2-EPOXI-EARTH-V1.0 DIF-E-MRI-3/4-EPOXI-EARTH-V1.0 - Raw and calibrated MRI visible CCD context images of Earth at 750 nm, covering only the March 2008 observing period.  DI-C-HRII-HRIV-MRI-ITS-6-DOC-SET-V2.0 - Deep Impact and EPOXI documentation set  DIF-C/E/X-SPICE-6-V1.0 - EPOXI SPICE kernels  DIF-CAL-HRII/HRIV/MRI-6-EPOXI-TEMPS-V1.0 - HRII, HRIV, and MRI instrument thermal telemetry data for EPOXI which may be useful for determining how temperature fluctuations affect the science instruments, in particular the IR spectrometer   Processing : The raw two-dimensional FITS CCD images and PDS labels in this data set were generated by the Deep Impact/EPOXI data pipeline, maintained by the project's Science Data Center (SDC) at Cornell University. The FITS data were assembled from raw telemetry packets sent down by the flyby spacecraft. Information from the embedded spacecraft header (the first 100 bytes of quadrant A image data) was extracted and stored in the primary FITS header. Geometric parameters were computed using the best available SPICE kernels and the results were also stored in the FITS header. If telemetry packets were missing, the corresponding pixels were flagged as missing in the quality map included as a FITS image extension. The quadrant nomenclature and the image quality map are described in the Deep Impact instrument calibration document and the EPOXI SIS document included in this data set. The SDC did not apply any type of correction or decompression algorithm to the raw data.   Data :  FITS Images and PDS Labels -------------------------- Each raw HRIV image is stored as FITS. The primary data unit contains the two-dimensional CCD image. It is followed by one image extension that contains a two-dimensional pixel-by-pixel quality map. This extension uses one byte of eight bit flags to indicate the quality of each pixel in the primary image. The data label provides a short description of each bit. For more information about the FITS primary image and its extension or for examples of how to access and use the quality flags, refer to the EPOXI SIS document or the Deep Impact instrument calibration document.  Each FITS file is accompanied by a detached PDS data label. The EPOXI SIS document provides definitions for the keywords found in a data label.   File Naming Convention ---------------------- The naming convention for the raw data labels and FITS files is HVyymmddhh_eeeeeee_nnn.LBL or FIT where 'HV' identifies the HRIV instrument, yymmddhh provides the UTC year, month, day, and hour at the mid-point of the observation, eeeeeee is the exposure ID (OBSERVATION_ID in data labels), and nnn provides the image number (IMAGE_NUMBER in the data labels) within the exposure ID.  Up to 999 individual images or frames can be commanded for one exposure ID. Therefore, nnn in the file name provides the sequentially increasing frame number within an exposure ID and corresponds to IMAGE_NUMBER in the data labels. For example, if 32 frames were commanded for a scan with an exposure ID of 1000001, the first FITS file name would be HV08060416_1000001_001.FIT and the last would be HV08060416_1000001_032.FIT.   Image Compression ----------------- Although raw data numbers for HRIV frames could be compressed on board the flyby spacecraft by use of a lookup table then downlinked, processed, and archived in the same format, Earth images acquired during the time period covered by this data set were never compressed. Therefore the COMPRESSED_IMAGE_VALUE keyword in the data labels is always set to 'UNCOMPRESSED'. For more information about this topic, see the image compression section of the Deep Impact instrument calibration documents.   Image Orientation ----------------- A true-sky 'as seen by the observer' view is achieved by displaying the image using the standard FITS convention: the fastest-varying axis (samples) increasing to the right in the display window and the slowest-varying axis (lines) increasing to the top. This convention is identified in the data labels: the SAMPLE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION keyword is set to RIGHT and LINE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION to UP.  The direction to celestial north, ecliptic north, and the Sun is provided in data labels by CELESTIAL_NORTH_CLOCK_ANGLE, ECLIPTIC_NORTH_CLOCK_ANGLE, and SUN_DIRECTION_CLOCK_ANGLE keywords and are measured clockwise from the top of the image when is displayed in the correct orientation as defined by SAMPLE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION and LINE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION. Please note the aspect of the North celestial pole in an image can be computed by adding 90 degrees to the boresight declination given by DECLINATION in the data labels.  For a comparison of the orientation FITS image data from the three science instruments, see the quadrant nomenclature section of the Deep Impact instrument calibration document. Also the EPOXI SIS has a brief discussion of this topic.   Instrument Alignment -------------------- For a comparison of the field of view and the relative boresight alignment of HRIV to the Medium Resolution Instrument Visible CCD (MRI) and the slit of the High Resolution IR Imaging Spectrometer (HRII), see the relative boresight alignments section of the Deep Impact instrument calibration document.   Parameters :  Data Units ---------- Raw image data have units of raw data numbers.   Imaging Modes ------------- One HRIV image mode was used for all Earth observations:  X-Size Y-Size Mode Name (pix) (pix) Comments ---- ------ ------ ------ --------------------------------------- 2 SF1 512 512 Sub-frame, shuttered  All modes are unbinned. For a thorough description of the imaging modes, please see the Deep Impact instruments document or the Deep Impact instrument calibration document. Also the EPOXI SIS has a brief discussion of this topic.  Most image modes have a set of bias overclock rows and columns, located around the edges of the image array. All overclock pixels were excluded from the calculation of the values for MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, MEDIAN, and STANDARD_DEVIATION in the data labels. These overclock areas described in the Deep Impact instruments document and the Deep Impact instrument calibration document.   Filters ------- A list of the characteristics of the HRIV filters used for the Earth observations is provided below. For more information about the filters, see the Deep Impact instruments document or the Deep Impact instrument calibration document. Also the EPOXI SIS has a brief discussion of this topic.  Filter Center Width # Name (nm) (nm) Comments - ---------- ----- ----- ------------------------------- 2 BLUE 450 100 3 GREEN 550 100 4 VIOLET 350 100 Shortpass coating 5 IR 950 100 Longpass 7 RED 750 100 8 NIR 850 100 9 ORANGE 650 100   Time- and Geometry-Related Keywords ----------------------------------- All time-related keywords in the data labels, except EARTH_OBSERVER_MID_TIME, are based on the clock on board the flyby spacecraft. EARTH_OBSERVER_MID_TIME provides the UTC when an Earth-based observer should have been able to see an event recorded by the instrument.  For Earth observations, sub-spacecraft and sub-solar longitude and latitude coordinates (planetocentric, body-fixed rotating) are provided, when available, in the data labels by SUB_SPACECRAFT_LONGITUDE, SUB_SPACECRAFT_LATITUDE, SUB_SOLAR_LONGITUDE, and SUB_SOLAR_LATITUDE.  The SDC pipeline was not able to automatically determine the proper geometric information for the target of choice in some cases. When these parameters could not be computed, the corresponding keywords in the data labels are set to a value of unknown, 'UNK'. Also if GEOMETRY_QUALITY_FLAG is set to 'BAD' or GEOMETRY_TYPE is set to 'PREDICTED' in the PDS labels, then this indicates the geometry values may not be accurate and should be used with caution. The value 'N/A' is used for some geometry-related keywords in the data labels because these parameters are not applicable for certain calibration targets.  Observational geometry parameters provided in the data labels were computed at the epoch specified by the mid-obs UTC, IMAGE_MID_TIME, in the data labels. The exceptions are the target-to-sun values that were calculated for the time when the light arrived at the target and the earth-observer-to-target values that were calculated for the time when the light left the target.  The flyby spacecraft clock SPICE kernels (SCLK) used to convert to UTC and to calculate geometry-related parameters for this data set have a known accuracy of no better than 0.5 seconds. However as this data set was being produced, the mission operations team figured out how to correct raw clock correlation data for the flyby spacecraft to allow timing fits that are accurate to at least the sub-second level. The project plans to generate a complete, corrected set of correlations since launch. This will ultimately result in a future version of a SCLK kernel that will retroactively change correlation for **all** Deep Impact and EPOXI data. When this kernel is available, it will be added to the SPICE data sets for the two missions and posted on the NAIF/SPICE web site at http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/.   Ancillary Data : The geometric parameters included in the data labels and FITS headers were computed using the best available SPICE kernels at the time the data products were generated. NAIF used these kernels to produce the EPOXI SPICE data set, DIF-C/E/X-SPICE-6-V1.0.   Coordinate System : Earth Mean Equator and Vernal Equinox of J2000 (EME J2000) is the inertial reference system used to specify observational geometry parameters in the data labels, unless specified otherwise (e.g, SUB_SPACECRAFT_LONGITUDE).   Software : The observations in this data set are in standard FITS format with PDS labels, and can be viewed by a number of PDS-provided and commercial programs. For this reason no special software is provided with this data set.

Confidence Level Overview : The data files in this data set were reviewed internally by the EPOXI project.   Review : This data set is archived at the PDS Small Bodies Node (SBN) and the Multi-Mission Archive at STScI (MAST). It passed a peer review held by SBN on 23 July 2009; MAST personnel participated.   Data Coverage and Quality : There are no unexpected gaps in this data set. All Earth observations received on the ground were processed and included in this data set.  Horizontal striping through some images indicates missing data. The image quality map extension identifies where pixels are missing. If the second most-significant bit of a pixel in the image quality map is turned on, then data for the corresponding image pixel is missing. For more information, refer to EPOXI SIS document.   Limitations :  Predicted observational geometry -------------------------------- Some data products for the Earth observation on 28-29 May (2008/149-150) have geometry values based on predicted (estimated) pointing C-kernels found in the EPOXI SPICE archive. Memory limitations on board the spacecraft caused some attitude information to be overwritten, and thus reconstructed (final and accurate) pointing data for part of this observing period were not generated nor available to the data pipeline . However the EPOCh team provided a file of geometry from JPL Horizons that they used for analysis of the May Earth data. See EPOCH_EARTH_GEOM_2008MAY.ASC located in the DOCUMENT/ directory of this data set.   HRI Telescope Focus ------------------- Images of stars acquired early during the Deep Impact mission in 2005 indicated the HRI telescope was out of focus. In-flight bakeouts during late February and early March 2005 reduced the defocus from about 1.0 cm to about 0.6 cm, resulting in a decrease in the width of stars from about 12 pixels to 9 pixels. For more details, please see the Deep Impact instrument calibration paper by Klaasen, et al. (2006) [KLAASENETAL2006] and the Deep Impact image restoration paper by Lindler, et al. (2007) [LINDLERETAL2007].   CCD Horizontal Gap ------------------ Calibration analysis combining Deep Impact and early EPOXI data determined the two halves of the HRIV CCD - the boundary being the two horizontal central lines 511 and 512 (zero based) - while physically consistent across the boundary, are biased during integration so that the centers of the two halves are apparently 1/6 pixel closer to the center, and the two boundary rows show a decrease in sensitivity of 1/6. Reconstructed image files space all lines evenly, so the true image is erroneously vertically pushed apart by 1/3 pixel at its center in these reconstructions. When making science measurements from HRIV images, one must therefore be very careful to properly account for the two flaws introduced by the apparently narrow central lines on the CCD - a geometric error that separates the image by an extra 1/3 pixel at the horizontal quadrant boundary, and 2) insertion of extra total radiance into calibrated images due to the flat-field correction, which corrects for an apparent radiance deficit in the two central rows because of the smaller number of photons actually incident on those rows.   Displaying Images ----------------- Flight software writes an image header over the first 100 bytes of quadrant A. These image header pixels were included in the raw FITS images. Since the values in these pixels vary dramatically, it is recommended that the values of the MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords in the data label (or the MINPVAL and MAXPVAL in the FITS header) be used to scale an image for display because these values exclude the header bytes as well as the overclock rows and columns located around the edge of the CCD image. For more information, see the quadrant nomenclature section of the Deep Impact instrument calibration document or the EPOXI SIS document.