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Data Set Overview
=================
OVERVIEW
The data set lists orbital and physical properties for well-observed or
suspected binary/multiple minor planets and the Pluto system, as inspired by
Richardson and Walsh (2006) and similar reviews (Merline et al., 2003; Noll,
2006; Pravec et al., 2006; Pravec and Harris, 2007; Descamps and Marchis,
2008; Noll et al., 2008). In total 173 companions in 165 systems are
included. Data are presented in two tables, one for orbital and physical
properties and one for companion designations, discovery information, and
reference codes for data values. Data are ordered by asteroid number, then
provisional designation. This data set is complete for binary/multiple
components reported through 10 March 2009, with some additional data through
4 May 2009.
ORBITAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE
The first table (binarytable2) lists orbital and physical properties of
binary/multiple minor planets, with the following data:
* minor planet number, name, and provisional designation;
* minor planet dynamical type (from Minor Planet Center classifications);
* minor planet heliocentric semimajor axis (AU) and eccentricity;
* primary diameter (km) with uncertainty and note code;
* primary spin period (h) with uncertainty and note code;
* companion semimajor axis (km) with uncertainty and note code;
* companion diameter (km) with uncertainty and note code;
* companion orbital period (d) with uncertainty and note code;
* primary geometric albedo with uncertainty and note code;
* system mass (kg) with uncertainty and note code;
* and system density (g/cm^3) with uncertainty and note code.
Dynamical type codes are as follows: AMO = Amor, APO = Apollo, ATE =
Aten, MC = Mars crosser, MB = Main Belt asteroid, JL4 = Jupiter L4 Trojan,
JL5 = Jupiter L5 Trojan, CUB = Cubewano, PLU = Plutino, 1:2 = Neptune 1:2
resonance object, 2:5 = Neptune 2:5 resonance object,
4:7 = Neptune 4:7 resonance object, SDO = scattered disk object, and
TNO = other trans- Neptunian object.
Note codes indicate comments on data values as follows:
A = assumed value;
D = derived from published measurements;
E = estimated based on assumed values;
G = greater than;
H = (for spin period) spin period of one-half the stated value also
possible;
L = less than;
Q = (for spin period) multiple periods exist, with association of
period with primary inconclusive;
R = (for primary geometric albedo) red albedo;
S = (for binary semimajor axis) projected separation distance.
Dashes or invalid inputs (usually -9.99) indicate unassigned or unknown
values. Unmeasured primary diameters are estimated based on JPL-reported
absolute magnitude values (H) generally assuming albedos of 0.16 for
NEAs/main belt asteroids or 0.09 for trans-Neptunian objects. Some
secondary diameters are derived from measured ratios of companion diameter
to primary diameter, or from the magnitude difference between components
assuming equal albedos. For some objects with unknown binary semimajor axis
values, the projected separation distance is provided. Estimated values of
semimajor axis and/or orbital period are order-of-magnitude figures only,
based on assumed values of density and/or albedo and (in some cases)
assuming the binary semimajor axis is the same as the projected separation.
If unmeasured, system densities are assumed to be 1.6 g/cm^3 for NEAs/main
belt asteroids or 1.0 g/cm^3 for trans-Neptunian objects. Regarding
uncertainties on measured values, readers are referred to the respective
references.
COMPANION DESIGNATIONS/DISCOVERY INFORMATION/REFERENCES TABLE
The second table (binaryothref2) includes companion designations (either
permanent or provisional), discovery information, and reference codes for
for data values listed in the orbital and physical properties table, as
follows:
* minor planet number, name, and provisional designation;
* code for discovery detection method;
* year of announcement of the discovery;
* and reference codes.
Discovery method codes are as follows: A = adaptive optics telescope
imaging, C = combined radar/lightcurve observations, H = Hubble Space
Telescope imaging, I = imaging, other or unspecified, L = photometric
lightcurve observations, R = radar observations, S = spacecraft imaging.
Reference codes are given for each orbital or physical property value, with
codes referring to complete references listed in a separate file. Dashes or
spaces indicate unassigned values.
MODIFICATION HISTORY
Differences between the current database version and the previous
version (2006) are:
* The current version includes data on 173 components in 165 systems, or
113 more components and 105 more systems than the previous release. New or
revised parameters are reported for 53 of the 60 binaries included in the
previous release.
* Entries are now provided for all components in systems with more than
two components.
* In addition to parameters listed in the previous release, the current
release also includes data on geometric albedo, discovery method, date of
discovery announcement, and secondary designation.
* Dynamical types are more specific, differentiating types of NEOs,
Jupiter Trojans, and KBOs.
* Codes have been added for parameter values, indicating derived/assumed
values and other notes.
* If assumed values of density and/or albedo are used to estimate other
parameters, the assumed values are listed with an appropriate note code.
* References are identified for each parameter individually, rather than
collectively for each object.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
This data set is intended to provide a quick overview of data on asteroids
and trans-Neptunian objects with companions. Readers should refer to the
original works regarding cited data and for additional details. Also, there
currently exists a number of electronic databases on minor planets with more
extensive information, some of which we note:
* Johnston, W. R., Asteroids with Satellites
[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html].
* Richardson, D. C., K. Walsh, N. Vogel, and D. Bettis, Minor Planet
Satellite Database [http://borg.astro.umd.edu/~dwb/asteroid/].
* Marchis, F., et al., Virtual Observatory Binary Asteroids Database
[http://cilaos.berkeley.edu/PHP_scripts/VOBAD/VOBAD_portal.html].
* Warner, B. D., A. W. Harris, and P. Pravec, Lightcurve Parameters
[http://www.minorplanetobserver.com/astlc/LightcurveParameters.htm].
The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) was used in compiling the data
presented.
REFERENCES
Descamps, P., and F. Marchis, 2008, Angular momentum of binary asteroids:
Implications for their possible origin, Icarus, 193:74-84.
Merline, W. J., S. J. Weidenschilling, D. D. Durda, J.-L. Margot, P.
Pravec, and A. D. Storrs, 2003, Asteroids do have Satellites, in Asteroids
III, W. F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, and R. P. Binzel (eds.),
Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 289-312.
Noll, K. S., 2006, Solar system binaries, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors,
Proceedings of the 229th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union,
L. Daniela et al. (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 301-318.
Noll, K. S., W. M. Grundy, E. I. Chiang, J.-L. Margot, and S. D. Kern,
2008, Binaries in the Kuiper Belt, in The Solar System Beyond Neptune, M. A.
Barucci, H. Boehnhardt, D. P. Cruikshank, and A. Morbidelli (eds.), Univ. of
Arizona Press, Tucson, 345-363.
Pravec, P., and A. W. Harris, 2007, Binary asteroid population: 1. Angular
momentum content, Icarus, 190:250-259.
Pravec, P., et al., 2006, Photometric survey of binary near-Earth
asteroids, Icarus, 181:63-93.
Richardson, D. C., and K. J. Walsh, 2006, Binary minor planets, Annu. Rev.
Earth Planet. Sci., 34:47-81.
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