Data Set Overview  :   This data set contains Calibrated data taken by New Horizons  Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera  instrument during the PLUTOCRUISE mission phase.   MVIC is a visible and near-infrared imager. MVIC comprises seven  separate CCD two-dimensional arrays; all rows are 5024 pixels across  with twelve pixels at either end of each row optically inactive. The  single Pan Frame array is a panchromatic frame-transfer imager, 5024x128 pixels, that typically takes multiple frames in each observation. The  common Pan Frame data product is an image cube in three dimensions:  spatial; spatial; image frame, equivalent to time. Of the remaining six  arrays, 5024x32 pixels each, two are panchromatic (unfiltered), and the  remaining four are under filters and called the color arrays:  Near-InfraRed (NIR); methane (CH4); Red; Blue. All six are operated in  Time-Delay Integration (TDI) mode; the TDI arrays are in some ways  similar to line cameras. In TDI mode, the spacecraft and MVIC boresight  are scanned across the target at a rate that matches the charge transfer clock rate across the rows of the CCDs. Ideally the rates are matched,  so as the charges are read by the analog-to-digital converter off the  last line of the array, each pixel reading is near-proportional to the  brightness of the same piece of the target as its image moved across the array, accumulating charge on each row. In TDI mode it is the product of the per-row charge clock rate and the duration of the observation that  determines the number of rows each the image, and the image can be  arbitrarily long; the number of rows (32) in each array is not relevant  in determining the size of the image. The common data product for each  of the TDI arrays is a 2-D image, of arbitrary length as noted earlier.    RALPH data taken during Annual CheckOuts 1 through 8 (ACO1-8):  :    Summary (Note 1):  :  - Science observations  - Uranus with MVIC at a phase angle not available from Earth (44 degrees)  - Neptune with MVIC at a phase angle not available from Earth (34 degrees)  - Calibrations and other tests with possible science targets  - Neptune as a navigation test target  - Sun in Solar Illumination Assembly (SIA)  - M6 and M7 (clusters)   - Pluto encounter rehearsals   - Functional tests    Details:  :    Primary RALPH Calibrations and other major observations (Notes 1 and 2):  ------------------------------------------------------------------------   During ACO1, ACO2 and ACO4, RALPH took LEISA calibration data using  the star Vega as a source; During ACO-2 and ACO-4, RALPH took MVIC  calibration data using the clusters M7 and M6.   During ACO1 and ACO2, the RALPH instrument observed flat field data  for both MVIC and LEISA using the SIA. However these data were not  useful for flat fielding because there was varying structure in the  images i.e. the light was not evenly illuminating the field of view,  and details of the flat are dependent on the position of the Sun in  the SIA.   In ACO1, RALPH observations for calibration, characterization and  interference goals included a stray light test with the sun at an  angle of 20-90 degrees from the FOV, to characterize the light leak  of LEISA on the incoming and outgoing encounter asymptote, and an  interference test between the LEISA and ALICE instruments.   During ACO2, RALPH observed Neptune in pan frame mode as an optical  navigation test.   In ACO2, another stray light test was performed. The geometries  simulated observations from the outgoing encounter asymptote with an  elongation angle of 13 degrees (sun-spacecraft-target).   During ACO3 and ACO5, RALPH had no 3-axis (spacecraft not in  spinning mode) observations, only the functional test as described  below.   In ACO4, RALPH performed a dark current test, taking data while the  focal plane cooled down, from 2 to 20h after the decontamination  heaters were turned off. RALPH also performed an interference test,  simultaneously operating LEISA, LORRI and ALICE. MVIC took color  observations of Uranus and Neptune at phase angles not accessible  from Earth (44 degrees and 34 degrees, respectively) and optical  navigation images of Neptune using the pan frame array. MVIC  performed a stray light test as a ride-along to the LORRI observation  in ACO4, and LEISA performed a light leak test at an angle of 9 degrees  from the sun. RALPH also did an interference test between the MVIC TDI  and LORRI modes of operation.   In ACO6 through ACO8, RALPH performed rehearsals of the Pluto  enounter (ACO6; ACO7), LEISA stellar calibrations (ACO6; ACO8), MVIC  stellar calibrations and optical navigation tests (ACO6; ACO7;  ACO8), and LEISA test scans for the flat field (ACO8).    Functional Test  ---------------   During all ACOs the RALPH instrument performed one or more  functional tests. This test exercised all modes of the instrument  at two different rates, and both power sides of RALPH. The test  took LEISA raw and subtracted data, and MVIC data using each of the  detectors. The integration times included a short and longer time.  There was no specific target as often these data were taken when the  spacecraft was spinning and the field of view was sweeping across  the sky.    Note 1  :   The items listed above are the major RALPH observations, but in the  interest of brevity may not include every RALPH observation; refer  to the sequence listing for a complete list of all activities.   Every observation provided in this data set was taken as a part of a  particular sequence. A list of these sequences has been provided in  file DOCUMENT/SEQ_MVIC_PLUTOCRUISE.TAB.  N.B. Some sequences provided may have no corresponding observations.   For a list of observations, refer to the data set index table. This  is typically INDEX.TAB initially in the INDEX/ area of the data set.  There is also a file SLIMINDX.TAB in INDEX/ that summarizes key  information relevant to each observation, including which sequence  was in effect and what target was likely intended for the  observation.    Version  :   This is VERSION 1.0 of this data set.    Processing  :   The data in this data set were created by a software data  processing pipeline on the Science Operations Center (SOC) at  the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), Department of Space Operations. This SOC pipeline assembled data as FITS files from raw telemetry  packets sent down by the spacecraft and populated the data labels  with housekeeping and engineering values, and computed geometry  parameters using SPICE kernels. The pipeline did not resample  the data.    Calibration  :    Detailed information about calibration of MVIC data is available  in the SOC Instrument Interface Control Document (ICD) in the  DOCUMENT section of this data set. The MVIC calibration will only  be briefly summarized here; refer to the ICD for details about  what is summarized here.   The calibration of MVIC images comprises the following steps:   1) Remove bias and flat-field pattern  1.1) The result is an absolute calibration in raw DATA NUMBER units  (DN), with pixel values proportional to the incoming signal  2) Supply target source spectrum-dependent factors to scale from  absolute DN to scientific (flux and radiance) units; refer to the  DOCUMENT/SOC_INST_ICD*.* for more detail.   In addition, the calibration procedure calculates the error and  a data quality flag for each pixel and includes those results  in the calibrated data product as additional PDS OBJECTs (FITS  extensions) appended to the main OBJECT with the data image.  The quality flag PDS OBJECT is an image of values of the same  size as the main IMAGE product, with each quality flag pixel  mapped to the corresponding pixel in the main product. A quality  flag value of zero indicates a valid pixel; a non-zero value  indicates an invalid pixel (e.g. missing data outside the  window(s) of data intended to be downlinked).   Note that for windowed products, all pixels in an image are not  returned in the downlink telemetry. In the raw data, the pipeline  sets such pixels to zero DN (Data Number); the calibration processes  those zero-DN pixels as if they were real raw values, but also flags  them as missing data in the quality flag PDS OBJECT (FITS extension).  Displaying such images using an automatic stretch (contrast  enhancement) may result in a confusing result with the majority of  the displayed image appearing as an inverse of the calibration  (calibration of zero values); therefore the quality flag PDS OBJECT  should always be checked when looking at these data.   Note also that, at the time these data were created (late 2014), the  Science Operations Center (SOC) data processing pipeline did not have  the capability to merge multiple windows from a single observation.  As a result, in some cases one observation's products in raw and  and calibrated data sets may come from different windows. This is  normal, but it can have some noticeable side-effects:   i) Mismatches in windowing parameters between raw and calibrated  products for the same observation. Either the windowing parameters  differ, or one may be windowed and the other a non-windoed, full  image.   ii) START_TIME and STOP_TIME mismatches between versions of the same  TDI observations with different windows. The start and stop times  of TDI MVIC products are dependent on the start and stop lines of  the window: if the first line of the window is not the first line  of the observation, the START_TIME of the product will be delayed  from the start time of the observation; similarly the last line of  a window that is not the last line of the observation results in a  STOP_TIME that is earlier than the stop time of the observation.  Since there is only one version of each observation in any single  MVIC data set, this will not be noticeable within any single data  set. However, when comparing versions of the same observation from  raw and calibrated data sets, it is possible that the START_TIME  and STOP_TIME values for that observation will differ between the  data sets.   iii) The shift in start and stop times will also affect the  calculation of mid-observation times.   iv) The mid-observation time is used as the lookup in SPICE calls, so  the shift in time will affect calculated geometry values   As part of the preparation for the Pluto flyby in Spring, 2015, the SOC  pipeline was updated to all it to merge multiple windows and/or full  images of the same observation into a single product. so it is  expected that future MVIC data sets will have raw and calibrated  products with consistent windowing parameters, times and geometries.   A PDS OBJECT CALGEOM (FITS extension) with a correction for geometric  distortion, present in previous versions of MVIC data sets, has been  removed from these and future PDS calibrated data sets. Geometric  distorion will be addressed in higher-level products, as it involves  resampling the data.     Data  :   The observations in this data set are stored in data files using  standard Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) format. Each FITS  file has a corresponding detached PDS label file, named according  to a common convention. The FITS files may have image and/or table  extensions. See the PDS label plus the DOCUMENT files for a  description of these extensions and their contents.   This Data section comprises the following sub-topics:   - Filename/Product IDs  - Instrument description  - Other sources of information useful in interpreting these Data  - Visit Description, Visit Number, and Target in the Data Labels    Filename/Product IDs  --------------------   The filenames and product IDs of observations adhere to a  common convention e.g.   MC0_0123456789_0X530_ENG.FIT  ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^\__/  | | | | ^^  | | | | |  | | | | +--File type (includes dot)  | | | | - .FIT for FITS file  | | | | - .LBL for PDS label  | | | | - not part of product ID  | | | |  | | | +--ENG for CODMAC Level 2 data  | | | SCI for CODMAC Level 3 data  | | |  | | +--Application ID (ApID) of the telemetry data  | | packet from which the data come  | | N.B. ApIDs are case-insensitive  | |  | +--MET (Mission Event Time) i.e. Spacecraft Clock  |  +--Instrument designator    Note that, depending on the observation, the MET in the data filename  and in the Product ID may be similar to the Mission Event Time (MET)  of the actual observation acquisition, but should not be used as an  analog for the acquisition time. The MET is the time that the data are  transferred from the instrument to spacecraft memory and is therefore  not a reliable indicator of the actual observation time. The PDS label  and the index tables are better sources to use for the actual timing of  any observation. The specific keywords and index table column names for which to look are   * START_TIME  * STOP_TIME  * SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_START_COUNT  * SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_STOP_COUNT    Instrument Instrument designators ApIDs **  : : :  MVIC MC0, MC1, MC2, MC3, MP1, MP2, MPF 0X530 - 0X54A *   * Not all values in this range are in this data set  ** ApIDs are case insensitive   There are other ApIDs that contain housekeeping values and  other values. See SOC Instrument ICD (/DOCUMENT/SOC_INST_ICD.*)  for more details.    Here is a summary of the meanings of each instrument designator:   Instr  Dsgn. Description  : :  MC0 MVIC, Color TDI, Red filter  MC1 MVIC, Color TDI, Blue filter  MC2 MVIC, Color TDI, Near-InfraRed (NIR) filter  MC3 MVIC, Color TDI, Methane (CH4) filter  MP1 MVIC, Panchromatic TDI CCD 1  MP2 MVIC, Panchromatic TDI CCD 2  MPF MVIC, Panchromatic frame (5024 pixels)   See SOC Instrument ICD (/DOCUMENT/SOC_INST_ICD.*) for details    Here is a summary of the types of files generated by each ApID  (N.B. ApIDs are case-insensitive) along with the instrument  designator that go with each ApID:    ApIDs Data product description/Prefix(es)  : :  0x530 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Lossless (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2  0x53f - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Lossless (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2  0x531 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Packetized (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2  0x540 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Packetized (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2  0x532 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Lossy (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2  0x541 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI Lossy (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2  0x533 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Lossless (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2 *  0x542 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Lossless (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2 *  0x534 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Packetized (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2 *  0x543 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Packetized (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2 *  0x535 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Lossy (CDH 1)/MP1,MP2 *  0x544 - MVIC Panchromatic TDI 3x3 Binned Lossy (CDH 2)/MP1,MP2 *  0x536 - MVIC Color TDI Lossless (CDH 1)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x545 - MVIC Color TDI Lossless (CDH 2)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x537 - MVIC Color TDI Packetized (CDH 1)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x546 - MVIC Color TDI Packetized (CDH 2)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x538 - MVIC Color TDI Lossy (CDH 1)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x547 - MVIC Color TDI Lossy (CDH 2)/MC0,MC1,MC2,MC3  0x539 - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Lossless (CDH 1)/MPF  0x548 - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Lossless (CDH 2)/MPF  0x53a - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Packetized (CDH 1)/MPF  0x549 - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Packetized (CDH 2)/MPF  0x53b - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Lossy (CDH 1)/MPF  0x54a - MVIC Panchromatic Frame Transfer Lossy (CDH 2)/MPF  * as of October, 2014, 3x3 modes have not been used    Instrument description  ----------------------   Refer to the following files for a description of this instrument.   CATALOG   MVIC.CAT   DOCUMENTS   RALPH_SSR.*  SOC_INST_ICD.*  NH_RALPH_V###_TI.TXT (### is a version number)    Other sources of information useful in interpreting these Data  --------------------------------------------------------------   Refer to the following files for more information about these data   NH Trajectory tables:   /DOCUMENT/NH_MISSION_TRAJECTORY.* - Heliocentric   RALPH Field Of View definitions:   /DOCUMENT/NH_FOV.*  /DOCUMENT/NH_RALPH_V###_TI.TXT     Visit Description, Visit Number, and Target in the Data Labels  ---------------------------------------------------------------   The observation sequences were defined in Science Activity Planning  (SAP) documents, and grouped by Visit Description and Visit Number.  The SAPs are spreadsheets with one Visit Description & Number per row.  A nominal target is also included on each row and included in the data  labels, but does not always match with the TARGET_NAME field's value in  the data labels. In some cases, the target was designated as RA,DEC  pointing values in the form ``RADEC:123.45,-12.34'' indicating Right  Ascension and Declination, in degrees, of the target from the  spacecraft in the Earth Equatorial J2000 inertial reference frame.  This indicates either that the target was either a star, or that the  target's ephemeris was not loaded into the spacecraft's attitude and  control system which in turn meant the spacecraft could not be pointed  at the target by a body identifier and an inertial pointing value had  to be specified as Right Ascension and Declination values. PDS-SBN  practices do not allow putting a value like RADEC:... in the PDS  TARGET_NAME keyword's value. In those cases the PDS TARGET_NAME value  is set to CALIBRATION. TARGET_NAME may be N/A (Not Available or Not  Applicable) for a few observations in this data set; typically that  means the observation is a functional test so N/A is an appropriate  entry for those targets, but the PDS user should also check the  NEWHORIZONS:OBSERVATION_DESC and NEWHORIZONS:SEQUENCE_ID keywords in  the PDS label, plus the provided sequence list (see Ancillary Data  below) to assess the possibility that there was an intended target.    Ancillary Data  :   The geometry items included in the data labels were computed  using the SPICE kernels archived in the New Horizons SPICE  data set, NH-X-SPICE-6-PLUTOCRUISE-V1.0.   Every observation provided in this data set was taken as a part of a  particular sequence. A list of these sequences has been provided in  file DOCUMENT/SEQ_MVIC_PLUTOCRUISE.TAB. In addition, the  sequence identifier (ID) and description are included in the PDS label  for every observation. N.B. While every observation has an associated  sequence, every sequence may not have associated observations. Some  sequences may have failed to execute due to spacecraft events (e.g.  safing). No attempt has been made during the preparation of this data  set to identify such empty sequences, so it is up to the user to  compare the times of the sequences to the times of the available  observations from INDEX/INDEX.TAB to identify such sequences.    Time  :   There are several time systems, or units, in use in this dataset:  New Horizons spacecraft MET (Mission Event Time or Mission Elapsed  Time), UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), and TDB Barycentric  Dynamical Time.   This section will give a summary description of the relationship  between these time systems. For a complete explanation of these  time systems the reader is referred to the documentation  distributed with the Navigation and Ancillary Information  Facility (NAIF) SPICE toolkit from the PDS NAIF node, (see  http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/).   The most common time unit associated with the data is the spacecraft  MET. MET is a 32-bit counter on the New Horizons spacecraft that  runs at a rate of about one increment per second starting from a  value of zero at   19.January, 2006 18:08:02 UTC   or   JD2453755.256337 TDB.   The leapsecond adjustment (DELTA_ET : ET - UTC) was 65.184s at  NH launch, and the first three additional leapseconds occured  in at the ends of December, 2009, June, 2012 and June, 2015.  Refer to the NH SPICE data set, NH-J/P/SS-SPICE-6-V1.0, and the  SPICE toolkit docmentation, for more details about leapseconds.   The data labels for any given product in this dataset usually  contain at least one pair of common UTC and MET representations  of the time at the middle of the observation. Other portions  of the products, for example tables of data taken over periods  of up to a day or more, will only have the MET time associated  with a given row of the table.   For the data user's use in interpreting these times, a reasonable  approximation (+/- 1s) of the conversion between Julian Day (TDB)  and MET is as follows:   JD TDB : 2453755.256337 + ( MET / 86399.9998693 )   For more accurate calculations the reader is referred to the  NAIF/SPICE documentation as mentioned above.    Reference Frame  :    Geometric Parameter Reference Frame  -----------------------------------   Earth Mean Equator and Vernal Equinox of J2000 (EMEJ2000) is the  inertial reference frame used to specify observational geometry items  provided in the data labels. Geometric parameters are based on best  available SPICE data at time of data creation.    Epoch of Geometric Parameters  -----------------------------   All geometric parameters provided in the data labels were computed at  the epoch midway between the START_TIME and STOP_TIME label fields.     Software  :   The observations in this data set are in standard FITS format  with PDS labels, and can be viewed by a number of PDS-provided  and commercial programs. For this reason no special software is  provided with this data set.    Contact Information  :   For any questions regarding the data format of the archive,  contact   New Horizons RALPH Principal Investigator:   Alan Stern, Southwest Research Institute   S. Alan Stern   Southwest Research Institute  Department of Space Studies  1050 Walnut Street, Suite 400  Boulder, CO 80302  USA

Confidence Level Overview  :  During the processing of the data in preparation for  delivery with this volume, the packet data associated with each  observation were used only if they passed a rigorous verification  process including standard checksums.   In addition, raw (Level 2) observation data for which adequate  contemporary housekeeping and other ancillary data are not available  may not be reduced to calibrated (Level 3) data. This issue is raised  here to explain why some data products in the raw data set,   NH-X-MVIC-2-PLUTOCRUISE-V1.0,   may not have corresponding data products in the calibrated data set,   NH-X-MVIC-3-PLUTOCRUISE-V1.0.    Data coverage and quality  :  Every observation provided in this data set was taken as a part of a  particular sequence. A list of these sequences has been provided in  file DOCUMENT/SEQ_MVIC_PLUTOCRUISE.TAB. N.B. Some sequences  provided may have zero corresponding observations.   Refer to the Confidence Level Overview section above for a summary  of steps taken to assure data quality.    Observation descriptions in this data set catalog  :   Some users will expect to find descriptions of the observations  in this data set here, in this Confidence Level Note. This data  set follows the more common convention of placing those  descriptions under the Data Set Description (above, if the user is  reading this in the DATASET.CAT file) of this data set catalog.    Caveat about TARGET_NAME in PDS labels and observational intent  :    A fundamental truth of managing data from some spacecraft missions  is that the intent of any observation is not suitable for insertion  into the command stream sent to the spacecraft to execute that  observation. As a result, re-attaching that intent to the data  that are later downlinked is problematic at best. For New Horizons  that task is made even more difficult as the only meta-data that  come down with the observation is the unpredictable time of the  observation. The task is made yet even more difficult because  uplink personnel, who generate the command sequences and initially  know the intent of each observation, are perpetually under  deadlines imposed by orbital mechanics and can rarely be spared for  the time-intensive task of resolving this issue.   To make a long story short, the downlink team on New Horizons has  created an automated system to take various uplink products, decode  things like Chebyshev polynomials in command sequences representing  celestial body ephemerides for use on the spacecraft to control  pointing, and infer from those data what the most likely intended  target was at any time during the mission. This works well during  flyby encounters and less so during cruise phases and hibernation.   The point to be made is that the user of these PDS data needs to  be cautious when using the TARGET_NAME and other target-related  parameters stored in this data set. This is less an issue for the  plasma and particle instruments, more so for pointing instruments.  To this end, the heliocentric ephemeris of the spacecraft, the  spacecraft-relative ephemeris of the inferred target, and the  inertial attitude of the instrument reference frame are provided  with all data, in the J2000 inertial reference frame, so the user  can check where that target is in the Field Of View (FOV) of the  instrument. Furthermore, for pointing instruments with one or more  spatial components to their detectors, a table has been provided  in the DOCUMENT/ area with XY (two-dimensional) positions of each  inferred target in the primary data products. If those values are  several thousand pixels off of a detector array, it is a strong  indication that the actual target of that observation is something  other than the inferred target, or no target at all e.g. dark sky.    Review  :  This dataset was peer reviewed and certified for scientific use on  12-5-2016.