facility : European Southern Observatory-La Silla
European Southern Observatory-La Silla, located in Chile, is home to multiple optical telescopes and is known for its pioneering work in the study of galaxies, black holes, and planetary systems in the Southern Hemisphere.

facility : European Southern Observatory (Paranal) Very Large Telescope
The Paranal Observatory, home of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), is operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and is located in the Atacama Desert in Northern Chile, on the summit of Cerro Paranal. The observatory consists of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which is comprised of four 8.2-m telescopes that operate independently or together as an interferometer (VLTI) in combination with four auxiliary 1.8-m telescopes. The VLT operates in the visible and infrared, with adaptive optics on each of the 8.2-m unit telescopes. Although the four 8.2-metre Unit Telescopes can be combined in the VLTI, they are mostly used for individual observations and are only available for interferometric observations for a limited number of nights every year. But four smaller, dedicated 1.8-metre Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs) are available to allow the VLTI to operate every night. For more information, see https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/

facility : Fred L. Whipple Observatory
Fred L. Whipple Observatory, located in Arizona, is a world-renowned facility that specializes in the study of near-Earth objects, solar system dynamics, and space weather using both optical and infrared telescopes.

facility : Fremont Peak Observatory
Fremont Peak Observatory, located in California, is an observatory known for its public outreach programs and research in optical astronomy, including stellar and planetary observations.

facility : Green Bank Observatory
Green Bank Observatory, located in West Virginia, is a radio observatory specializing in radio astronomy, studying pulsars, galaxies, and cosmic phenomena using the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope.

facility : Gemini Observatory (South), Cerro Pachon, Chile
The Gemini Observatory consists of twin 8.1-meter diameter optical/infrared telescopes. Gemini North is located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, while Gemini South is located on Cerro Pachon, Chile. From their locations on mountains in Hawaii and Chile, Gemini Observatory's telescopes can collectively access the entire sky. Gemini is operated by a partnership of six countries including the United States, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Korea. Any astronomer in these countries can apply for time on Gemini, which is allocated in proportion to each partner's financial stake. With using a range of technologies, the telescopes provide advanced performances in optical and near-infrared astronomy, including laser guide stars, adaptive optics, multi conjugate adaptive optics, and multi-object spectroscopy. The telescopes can also obtain high quality infrared observations. Instruments include the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs (GMOS), found at both sites; and the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). The Gemini visitor instrument program allows instrument teams to use their own instruments at one of the locations for a short time, and the whole Gemini community obtains access to that instrument for other science projects. Well-known instruments that have used this program include the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument (DSSI), the Phoenix near-infrared echelle spectrometer, and the TEXES mid-infrared spectrometer. For more information, see https://www.gemini.edu/

facility : Gemini Observatory (North), Mauna Kea, Hawaii
The Gemini Observatory consists of twin 8.1-meter diameter optical/infrared telescopes. Gemini North is located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, while Gemini South is located on Cerro Pachon, Chile. From their locations on mountains in Hawaii and Chile, Gemini Observatory's telescopes can collectively access the entire sky. Gemini is operated by a partnership of six countries including the United States, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Korea. Any astronomer in these countries can apply for time on Gemini, which is allocated in proportion to each partner's financial stake. With using a range of technologies, the telescopes provide advanced performances in optical and near-infrared astronomy, including laser guide stars, adaptive optics, multi conjugate adaptive optics, and multi-object spectroscopy. The telescopes can also obtain high quality infrared observations. Instruments include the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs (GMOS), found at both sites; and the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). The Gemini visitor instrument program allows instrument teams to use their own instruments at one of the locations for a short time, and the whole Gemini community obtains access to that instrument for other science projects. Well-known instruments that have used this program include the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument (DSSI), the Phoenix near-infrared echelle spectrometer, and the TEXES mid-infrared spectrometer. For more information, see https://www.gemini.edu/

facility : Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC) is one of the three Deep Space Communications Complexes (DSCCs) that make up the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). The DSCCs are spaced by approximately 120 degrees in longitude and within about 40 degrees latitude of Earth's equator. As the Earth rotates, this configuration provides nearly continuous coverage of spacecraft in the ecliptic -- that is, spacecraft flying to or orbiting most solar system objects. The GDSCC, which became operational in 1958, is located near Barstow, California, and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. The Goldstone complex includes several Deep Space Stations (DSSs, or antennas), a Signal Processing Center (SPC), and administrative and support facilities. Each DSCC handles several types of data including: frequency and timing, tracking, telemetry, command, monitor, radio science, and very long baseline interferometry. These data types support uplink (to spacecraft) or downlink (from spacecraft) operations or passive reception. Data received from spacecraft are relayed via the local SPC to the Network Operations Control Center (NOCC) at JPL where they are distributed to the offices responsible for each spacecraft. Commands, generated in those offices, are sent via the NOCC, SPC, and DSS to the spacecraft. The Goldstone DSCC also includes the Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) and the development facility. For more information, see https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/

facility : Goodricke-Pigott Observatory
Goodricke-Pigott Observatory, located in the UK, is a private observatory focused on variable star observations and astrophotography. It also contributes to amateur astronomy research.

facility : Observatory of Haute-Provence
Observatory of Haute-Provence, located in France, is renowned for its research in solar physics, stellar astrophysics, and planetary sciences. It houses a range of optical telescopes and is used for high-precision measurements of stellar properties.

facility : Hunters Hill Observatory
Hunters Hill Observatory, located in New South Wales, Australia, is an amateur observatory known for its work in observational astronomy, particularly in planetary and lunar imaging, and for hosting public astronomy nights.

facility : Infrared Telescope Facility, Mauna Kea
The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) is one of the telescopes comprising the Mauna Kea Observatories on the Big Island of Hawaii. The IRTF is a 3.2 meter telescope optimized for infrared observations, providing observations of planetary and solar neighborhood, as well as deep space applications. The observatory is operated and managed for NASA by the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, located in Honolulu. NASA provides the costs of operation and NSF provides funding for new focal plane instrumentation through the peer review process. Observing time is open to the entire astronomical community, and 50% of the IRTF observing time is reserved for studies of planetary sciences. For more information, see https://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/

facility : W.M. Keck Observatory
The W.M. Keck Observatory is an astronomical observatory with two 10-meter optical reflecting telescopes located near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The telescopes use adaptic optics to move smaller, hexagonal mirror segments rather than one large singluar, contiguous mirror. By using adaptic optics, each segment is stabilized through the use of extremely rigid support structures with three actuators under each segment. Each telescope sits on an altazimuth mount, which provides significant strength and stiffness in their structural design. The Keck Observatory is widely used for observations and research in the optical and infrared wavelengths. The telescopes have provided essential data not only for exoplanet research and planetary studies in our own solar system, but also information about formation of stars, galaxies, and the nature of black holes. For more information, see https://keckobservatory.org/

facility : McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope Facility at Kitt Peak, AZ
The McMath Pierce facility at Kitt Peak, Arizona is part of the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and is operated by the National Solar Observatory (NSO) since 2016, after many years of operation under the National Science Foundation (NSF). The facility consists of three telescopes: the Main, the East Auxiliary and the West Auxiliary. Each are fed by a flat heliostat mirror mounted on the unusually shaped, triangular tower. Operations run from 1963-present. Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85634. (520)318-8000

facility : Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO)
Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) is one of the facilities of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO). It is located 56 miles southwest of Tucson, Arizona, in the Schuk Toak District of the Tohono O'odham Nation, on Kitt Peak Mountain. Kitt Peak is known as "Ioligam" in O'odham. The telescopes on Kitt Peak are the Mayall 4-m, the WIYN 3.5-m , and the WIYN 0.9-m telescopes. The coordinates for this site are: Latitude: 31 57 53.2 N Longitude: 111 35 58.2 W Elevation: 2062m above geoid

facility : Kuiper Airborne Observatory
The Kuiper Airborne Observatory was a NASA-operated aircraft equipped with a 0.91-meter infrared telescope, flying at altitudes of up to 45,000 feet to observe celestial objects above most of Earth's atmospheric water vapor. It operated from 1974 to 1995 and was instrumental in infrared astronomy, serving as a precursor to the SOFIA observatory.

facility : Las Campanas Observatory
The Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) is located in the Atacama region of Chile, at an altitude of 2,400 meters, about 170 km north of La Serena, Chile. It is operated as one of the Carnegie Observatories, one of the departments of the Carnegie Institution for Science (CIS). LCO is currently the primary observatory for CIS, taking over for the Mount Wilson Observatory due to light pollution. LCO houses the 6.5 meter Magellan Telescopes, the 2.5 du Pont Telescope, and the 1.0 meter Swope Telescope. Other telescopes and projects found at the LCO, which are provided by research groups, individuals, and various groups, include the 1.3 meter Warsaw Telescope, the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), the Hungarian Automated Telescop South (HAT-South) facility, the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON), and the SDSS-V Local Volume Mapper. more information, see https://www.lco.cl/

facility : Las Cumbres Observatory
The Las Cumbres Observatory comprises a global network of telescopes of various sizes (currently 0.4m, 1m, and 2m) and at various locations. Telescopes of the same aperture are identical and are equipped with the same detectors. Scheduled observations are allocated to telescopes in the network based on requested instrumentation and optimal observing circumstances as determined by the network scheduling software. Data documentation must be consulted to determine which telescope was used to make any specific observation with the Las Cumbres network. For more information, see https://lco.global/

facility : Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO)
The Large Binocular Telescope Observatory is located on Mount Graham in Arizona and operates one of the world’s most powerful optical telescopes. It features two 8.4-meter mirrors mounted side-by-side on a single structure, effectively providing the resolution of a 22.8-meter telescope when used interferometrically. LBTO supports high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy across visible and infrared wavelengths and is used for a wide range of astrophysical studies, from planetary systems to distant galaxies. The observatory is a collaboration between institutions in the United States, Italy, and Germany.

facility : Leura
Leura Observatory, located in New South Wales, Australia, is a private observatory known for amateur astronomical imaging and minor planet observations. It contributes data to international databases and serves as an educational and outreach resource within the local astronomy community.

facility : Lick Observatory
The Lick Observatory, situated on Mount Hamilton in California, is one of the oldest mountaintop observatories in the world. Operated by the University of California, it has contributed to planetary discovery, stellar spectroscopy, and supernova research since its founding in 1888.

facility : Lowell Observatory
Lowell Observatory, established in 1894 west of Flagstaff, Arizona, was founded by Percival Lowell. The observatory consists of multiple buildings and telescopes on multiple sites including Mars Hill, Anderson Mesa, and Happy Jack.

facility : Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex
The Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex (MDSCC) is one of the three Deep Space Communications Complexes (DSCCs) that make up the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). The DSCCs are spaced by approximately 120 degrees in longitude and within about 40 degrees latitude of Earth's equator. As the Earth rotates, this configuration provides nearly continuous coverage of spacecraft in the ecliptic -- that is, spacecraft flying to or orbiting most solar system objects. The MDSCC, which became operational in the mid 1960s, is located near Robledo de Chevala, Spain, and managed by both the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) and the U.S. space agency NASA as per agreement signed in 1964. The Madrid complex includes several Deep Space Stations (DSSs, or antennas), a Signal Processing Center (SPC), and administrative and support facilities. Each DSCC handles several types of data including: frequency and timing, tracking, telemetry, command, monitor, radio science, and very long baseline interferometry. These data types support uplink (to spacecraft) or downlink (from spacecraft) operations or passive reception. Data received from spacecraft are relayed via the local SPC to the Network Operations Control Center (NOCC) at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, CA, where they are distributed to the offices responsible for each spacecraft. Commands, generated in those offices, are sent via the NOCC, SPC, and DSS to the spacecraft. Commands, generated in those offices, are sent via the NOCC, SPC, and DSS to the spacecraft. The Goldstone DSCC also includes the Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) and the development facility. For more information, see https://www.mdscc.nasa.gov/

facility : Magdelena Ridge Observatory
Magdalena Ridge Observatory, located in New Mexico, USA, is part of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer, which specializes in high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations of stars and planetary systems.

facility : Maunakea Observatory
Maunakea Observatory, located in Hawaii, is a world-leading observatory complex known for its high-altitude location, offering excellent conditions for infrared and optical astronomy, particularly in the study of the formation of stars and galaxies.

facility : McDonald Observatory
McDonald Observatory, located in Texas, is known for its high-powered telescopes, including the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, and its research into star formation, galaxies, and exoplanet discoveries.

facility : McGraw-Hill Observatory
McGraw-Hill Observatory, located in Arizona, USA, is a well-known research facility for studying solar systems, stellar evolution, and exoplanet discovery.

facility : MMT Observatory
MMT Observatory, located in Arizona, is a large optical telescope array renowned for its work in cosmology, galaxy formation, and the study of dark energy.

facility : Modra
Modra, located in Slovakia, is a small observatory known for its research in stellar astrophysics and its contribution to the study of variable stars and cosmic phenomena.

facility : Mount Bigelow (Catalina) Station
Mount Bigelow (Catalina) Station, located in Arizona, USA, is a key facility for space object tracking, particularly in support of the Catalina Sky Survey for near-Earth object detection.

facility : Mount Canopus Observatory
Mount Canopus Observatory, located in Tasmania, Australia, is dedicated to southern hemisphere astronomy, with a focus on deep-sky imaging and the study of planetary systems.

facility : Mount Lemmon (Catalina) Station
Mount Lemmon (Catalina) Station, also in Arizona, is part of the Catalina Sky Survey network, playing a key role in tracking asteroids and other near-Earth objects.

facility : Mount Stromlo Observatory
Mount Stromlo Observatory, located in Australia, is a major astronomical research center that specializes in cosmology, galaxy evolution, and star formation, known for its historical contributions to optical astronomy.

facility : National Astronomical Observatory of Japan at Mauna Kea, Hawaii
The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) consists of several facilities located in Japan, as well as an observatory in Hawaii and Chile. NAOJ was initially compromised of three exisiting research organizations, and officially became a division of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) in 2004, along with the National Institute for Basic Biology, the National Institute for Fusion Science, the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, and the Institute for Molecular Science, to encourage research collaborations. The Hawaii observatory is located on the summit of Mauna Kea, with access to the facility managed by Mauna Kea Observatories, through the University of Hawaii's Hilo Base Facility. The Hawaii observatory houses the 8-meter Subaru Telescope, which achieved First Light in December 1998. The telescope has been made available to both Japanese and the international community of astronomers since December 2000. For more information, see https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/

facility : US Naval Observatory
The US Naval Observatory, located in Washington, D.C., is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States. It is renowned for its work in astrometry, precise timekeeping, and celestial navigation. The observatory plays a key role in maintaining the country's Master Clock and providing astronomical data critical for navigation and defense.

facility : Ondřejov Observatory
The Ondřejov Observatory, situated near Prague in the Czech Republic, is operated by the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. It is known for its research in stellar astrophysics, solar physics, and the dynamics of small bodies in the solar system, and it houses one of the largest telescopes in Central Europe.

facility : Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
The Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, located on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, is one of the world’s premier sites for optical and infrared astronomy. It is home to a wide array of international telescopes, including the Gran Telescopio Canarias, and is particularly known for its research in cosmology, stellar evolution, and black holes.

facility : Palmer Divide Observatory
The Palmer Divide Observatory, located in Colorado, USA, is a private observatory focused on deep-sky imaging and observational astronomy. It contributes data on minor planets, comets, and variable stars, and also engages in outreach and collaboration with amateur astronomers.

facility : Palomar Observatory
The Palomar Observatory, located in southern California, is a historic observatory operated by Caltech. It houses the famous 5.08-meter Hale Telescope and has played a central role in many astronomical discoveries, including studies of quasars, galaxies, and the expansion of the universe.

facility : Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Partizanskoye
The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Partizanskoye, located in Crimea, specializes in solar and stellar astrophysics. It is known for its observational programs involving variable stars, stellar spectroscopy, and asteroid tracking, and is part of the larger Crimean Astrophysical Observatory network.

facility : Paul Wild Observatory
The Paul Wild Observatory is located just west of Narrabri, New South Wales, and is also known as the Narrabri Observatory. The site currently hosts several facilities, such as the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the Culgoora Solar Observatory, a node of the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON), and an element of the Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) global magnetometer array. The site is named for the Australian radio astronomer, Paul Wild. For more information, see https://www.atnf.csiro.au/resources/visiting/paul-wild-observatory-information/

facility : Pic du Midi de Bigorre
The Pic du Midi de Bigorre is located in the French Pyrenees and is renowned for its high-altitude observatory, which offers excellent conditions for astronomical observations. It is particularly known for solar observations and pioneering work in astrophysics, including the study of solar magnetism.

facility : South African Astronomical Observatory
The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), located in Cape Town, South Africa, is one of the leading observatories in the Southern Hemisphere. It specializes in optical and infrared astronomy and is known for its extensive contributions to the study of star formation, galaxy evolution, and the Southern Hemisphere’s celestial objects.

facility : Siding Spring Observatory
The Siding Spring Observatory, situated in New South Wales, Australia, is the site of the Anglo-Australian Telescope and numerous other facilities. It is known for its work in optical astronomy, particularly in the study of galaxies, star systems, and planetary science, and its critical role in various international research programs.

facility : Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Simeis
The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Simeis, located in the Crimean Peninsula, is renowned for its historic contributions to the study of solar system bodies and variable stars. It is famous for the discovery of numerous asteroids and is known for its wide-ranging research in stellar astrophysics.

facility : Submillimeter Telescope Observatory
The Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, is known for its cutting-edge work in submillimeter-wave astronomy. It specializes in the study of molecular clouds, star formation, and cosmic dust and is vital for understanding the cold, distant regions of the universe.

facility : Star Castle Observatory
Star Castle Observatory, located on the Isle of Man, is a privately run facility known for its public outreach and educational efforts in astronomy. It is also used for astrophotography and amateur astronomical research.

facility : Kitt Peak Station, Steward Observatory
Kitt Peak Station, part of the Steward Observatory in Arizona, is a major research facility with an array of optical and radio telescopes. It is especially noted for its work in solar astronomy and the study of exoplanets, supernovae, and galaxy formation.

facility : Stockport Observatory
Stockport Observatory, located in Stockport, UK, is a public outreach observatory primarily known for its educational programs and community involvement. It is dedicated to offering accessible astronomy education and conducting amateur astronomical research.

facility : Table Mountain Observatory
Table Mountain Observatory, located in Cape Town, South Africa, is a small research observatory known for its work in the study of Southern Hemisphere celestial objects, and it offers unique educational programs alongside its research work.

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